II
Calendar No. 527
110th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1946
[Report No. 110–239]
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
August 2, 2007
Mr. Leahy (for himself, Mr. Cornyn, and Mr. Sessions) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary
December 10, 2007
Reported by Mr. Leahy, with an amendment
Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic
A BILL
To help Federal prosecutors and investigators combat public corruption by strengthening and clarifying the law.
Short title
This Act may be cited as the
Public Corruption Prosecution
Improvements Act
.
Extension of statute of limitations for serious public corruption offenses
In general
Chapter 213 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Corruption offenses
Unless an indictment is returned or the information is filed against a person within 6 years after the commission of the offense, a person may not be prosecuted, tried, or punished for a violation of, or a conspiracy or an attempt to violate the offense in—
section 201 or 666;
section 1341 or 1343, when charged in conjunction with section 1346 and where the offense involves a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services of a public official;
section 1951, if the offense involves extortion under color of official right;
section 1952, to the extent that the unlawful activity involves bribery; or
section 1962, to the extent that the racketeering activity involves bribery chargeable under State law, involves a violation of section 201 or 666, section 1341 or 1343, when charged in conjunction with section 1346 and where the offense involves a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services of a public official, or section 1951, if the offense involves extortion under color of official right.
.
Clerical amendment
The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 213 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
.
Application of amendment
The amendments made by this section shall not apply to any offense committed before the date of enactment of this Act.
Application of mail and wire fraud statutes to licences and other intangible rights
Sections 1341 and 1343
of title 18, United States Code, are each amended by striking money or
property
and inserting money, property, or any other thing of
value
.
Venue for Federal offenses
In general
The second undesignated paragraph of section 3237(a) of
title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding before the period at the end
the following: or in any district in which an act in furtherance of the
offense is committed
.
Section heading
The heading for section 3237 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:
Offense taking place in more than one district
.
Table of sections
The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 211 of title 18, United States Code, is amended so that the item relating to section 3237 reads as follows:
3237. Offense taking place in more than one district.
.
Theft or bribery concerning programs receiving Federal financial assistance
Section 666(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in paragraph (1)(B), by—
striking
anything of value
and inserting any thing or things of
value
; and
striking of
$5,000 or more
and inserting of $1,000 or more
;
by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows:
corruptly gives, offers, or agrees to give any thing or things of value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an agent of an organization or of a State, local or Indian tribal government, or any agency thereof, in connection with any business, transaction, or series of transactions of such organization, government, or agency involving anything of value of $1,000 or more;
; and
in the matter
following paragraph (2), by striking ten years
and inserting
15 years
.
Penalty for section 641 violations
Section
641 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking ten
years
and inserting 15 years
.
Penalty for section 201(b) violations
Section 201(b) of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking fifteen years
and inserting
20 years
.
Increase of maximum penalties for certain public corruption related offenses
Solicitation of political contributions
Section 602(a) of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking three years
and inserting 10
years
.
Promise of employment for political activity
Section 600 of title 18, United
States Code, is amended by striking one year
and inserting
10 years
.
Deprivation of employment for political activity
Section 601(a) of title 18,
United States Code, is amended by striking one year
and
inserting 10 years
.
Intimidation To secure political contributions
Section 606 of title 18, United
States Code, is amended by striking three years
and inserting
10 years
.
Solicitation and acceptance of contributions in federal offices
Section 607(a)(2) of title 18, United
States Code, is amended by striking 3 years
and inserting
10 years
.
Coercion of political activity by federal employees
Section 610 of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking three years
and inserting 10
years
.
Addition of District of Columbia to theft of public money offense
Section 641 of title 18, United States Code,
is amended by inserting the District of Columbia or
before
the United States
each place that term appears.
Additional RICO predicates
Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by inserting
section 641 (relating to embezzlement or theft of public money,
property, or records,
after 473 (relating to
counterfeiting),
; and
by inserting
section 666 (relating to theft or bribery concerning programs receiving
Federal funds),
after section 664 (relating to embezzlement from
pension and welfare funds),
.
Additional wiretap predicates
Section
2516(1)(C) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting
section 641 (relating to embezzlement or theft of public money,
property, or records, section 666 (relating to theft or bribery concerning
programs receiving Federal funds),
after section 224 (relating
to bribery in sporting contests),
.
Clarification of crime of illegal gratuities
Section 201(c)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by striking the
matter before subparagraph (A) and inserting otherwise than as provided
by law for the proper discharge of official duty, or by
regulation—
;
in subparagraph
(A), by inserting after , or person selected to be a public
official,
the following: for or because of the official’s or
person’s official position, or for or because of any official act performed or
to be performed by such public official, former public official, or person
selected to be a public official
; and
in subparagraph
(B), by striking all after , anything of value personally,
and
inserting for or because of the official’s or person’s official
position, or for or because of any official act performed or to be performed by
such official or person;
.
Clarification of definition of official Act
Section 201(a)(3) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:
the term official act means any action within the range of official duty, and any decision or action on any question, matter, cause, suit, proceeding or controversy, which may at any time be pending, or which may by law be brought before any public official, in such public official’s official capacity or in such official’s place of trust or profit. An official act can be a single act, more than one act, or a course of conduct.
.
Clarification of course of conduct bribery
Section 201 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in subsection (b),
by striking anything of value
each place it appears and
inserting any thing or things of value
; and
in subsection (c),
by striking anything of value
each place it appears and
inserting any thing or things of value
.
Expanding venue for perjury and obstruction of justice proceedings
In general
Section 1512(i) of
title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking A prosecution under
this section or section 1503
and inserting A prosecution under
this chapter
.
Perjury
In general
Chapter 79 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Venue
A prosecution under this chapter may be brought in the district in which the oath, declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury is made or in which a proceeding takes place in connection with the oath, declaration, certificate, verification, or statement.
.
Clerical amendment
The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 79 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
.
Authorization for additional personnel to investigate and prosecute public corruption offenses
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Offices of the Inspectors General and the Department of Justice, including the United States Attorneys’ Offices, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Public Integrity Section of the Criminal Division, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, to increase the number of personnel to investigate and prosecute public corruption offenses including sections 201, 203 through 209, 641, 654, 666, 1001, 1341, 1343, 1346, and 1951 of title 18, United States Code.
Amendment of the sentencing guidelines relating to certain crimes
Directive to Sentencing Commission
Pursuant to its authority under section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code, and in accordance with this section, the United States Sentencing Commission shall review and amend its guidelines and its policy statements applicable to persons convicted of an offense under sections 201, 641, and 666 of title 18, United States Code, in order to reflect the intent of Congress that such penalties be increased in comparison to those currently provided by the guidelines and policy statements.
Requirements
In carrying out this section, the Commission shall—
ensure that the sentencing guidelines and policy statements reflect Congress’ intent that the guidelines and policy statements reflect the serious nature of the offenses described in subsection (a), the incidence of such offenses, and the need for an effective deterrent and appropriate punishment to prevent such offenses;
consider the extent to which the guidelines may or may not appropriately account for—
the potential and actual harm to the public and the amount of any loss resulting from the offense;
the level of sophistication and planning involved in the offense;
whether the offense was committed for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial benefit;
whether the defendant acted with intent to cause either physical or property harm in committing the offense;
the extent to which the offense represented an abuse of trust by the offender and was committed in a manner that undermined public confidence in the Federal, State, or local government; and
whether the violation was intended to or had the effect of creating a threat to public health or safety, injury to any person or even death;
assure reasonable consistency with other relevant directives and with other sentencing guidelines;
account for any additional aggravating or mitigating circumstances that might justify exceptions to the generally applicable sentencing ranges;
make any necessary conforming changes to the sentencing guidelines; and
assure that the guidelines adequately meet the purposes of sentencing as set forth in section 3553(a)(2) of title 18, United States Code.
Short title
This Act may be cited as the
Public Corruption Prosecution
Improvements Act
.
Extension of statute of limitations for serious public corruption offenses
In general
Chapter 213 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Corruption offenses
Unless an indictment is returned or the information is filed against a person within 6 years after the commission of the offense, a person may not be prosecuted, tried, or punished for a violation of, or a conspiracy or an attempt to violate the offense in—
section 201 or 666;
section 1341 or 1343, when charged in conjunction with section 1346 and where the offense involves a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services of a public official;
section 1951, if the offense involves extortion under color of official right;
section 1952, to the extent that the unlawful activity involves bribery; or
section 1962, to the extent that the racketeering activity involves bribery chargeable under State law, involves a violation of section 201 or 666, section 1341 or 1343, when charged in conjunction with section 1346 and where the offense involves a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services of a public official, or section 1951, if the offense involves extortion under color of official right.
.
Clerical amendment
The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 213 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
.
Application of amendment
The amendments made by this section shall not apply to any offense committed before the date of enactment of this Act.
Application of mail and wire fraud statutes to licences and other intangible rights
Sections 1341 and 1343 of title 18, United
States Code, are each amended by striking money or property
and
inserting money, property, or any other thing of value
.
Venue for Federal offenses
In general
The second undesignated paragraph of section 3237(a) of
title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding before the period at the end
the following: or in any district in which an act in furtherance of the
offense is committed
.
Section heading
The heading for section 3237 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:
Offense taking place in more than one district
.
Table of sections
The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 211 of title 18, United States Code, is amended so that the item relating to section 3237 reads as follows:
3237. Offense taking place in more than one district.
.
Theft or bribery concerning programs receiving Federal financial assistance
Section 666(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in paragraph (1)(B), by—
striking anything
of value
and inserting any thing or things of value
;
and
striking of $5,000
or more
and inserting of $1,000 or more
;
by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows:
corruptly gives, offers, or agrees to give any thing or things of value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an agent of an organization or of a State, local or Indian tribal government, or any agency thereof, in connection with any business, transaction, or series of transactions of such organization, government, or agency involving anything of value of $1,000 or more;
; and
in the matter following
paragraph (2), by striking ten years
and inserting 15
years
.
Penalty for section 641 violations
Section 641 of
title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking ten years
and inserting 15 years
.
Penalty for section 201(b) violations
Section
201(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking fifteen
years
and inserting 20 years
.
Increase of maximum penalties for certain public corruption related offenses
Solicitation of political contributions
Section 602(a) of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking three years
and inserting 10
years
.
Promise of employment for political activity
Section 600 of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking one year
and inserting 10
years
.
Deprivation of employment for political activity
Section 601(a) of title 18,
United States Code, is amended by striking one year
and
inserting 10 years
.
Intimidation To secure political contributions
Section 606 of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking three years
and inserting 10
years
.
Solicitation and acceptance of contributions in federal offices
Section 607(a)(2) of title 18, United
States Code, is amended by striking 3 years
and inserting
10 years
.
Coercion of political activity by federal employees
Section 610 of title 18, United States
Code, is amended by striking three years
and inserting 10
years
.
Addition of District of Columbia to theft of public money offense
Section 641 of title 18, United States Code,
is amended by inserting the District of Columbia or
before
the United States
each place that term appears.
Additional RICO predicates
In general
Section 1961(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by inserting
section 641 (relating to embezzlement or theft of public money,
property, or records),
after 473 (relating to
counterfeiting),
; and
by inserting
section 666 (relating to theft or bribery concerning programs receiving
Federal funds),
after section 664 (relating to embezzlement from
pension and welfare funds),
.
Conforming amendments
Section 1956(c)(7)(D) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by striking
section 641 (relating to public money, property, or records),
;
and
by striking
section 666 (relating to theft or bribery concerning programs receiving
Federal funds),
.
Additional wiretap predicates
Section 2516(1)(c)
of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting section 641
(relating to embezzlement or theft of public money, property, or records),
section 666 (relating to theft or bribery concerning programs receiving Federal
funds),
after section 224 (bribery in sporting
contests),
.
Clarification of crime of illegal gratuities
Section 201(c)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
by striking the matter
before subparagraph (A) and inserting otherwise than as provided by law
for the proper discharge of official duty, or by rule or
regulation—
;
in subparagraph (A), by
inserting after , or person selected to be a public official,
the following: for or because of the official’s or person’s official
position, or for or because of any official act performed or to be performed by
such public official, former public official, or person selected to be a public
official
; and
in subparagraph (B), by
striking all after , anything of value personally,
and inserting
for or because of the official’s or person’s official position, or for
or because of any official act performed or to be performed by such official or
person;
.
Clarification of definition of official Act
Section 201(a)(3) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:
the term official act means any action within the range of official duty, and any decision or action on any question, matter, cause, suit, proceeding or controversy, which may at any time be pending, or which may by law be brought before any public official, in such public official’s official capacity or in such official’s place of trust or profit. An official act can be a single act, more than one act, or a course of conduct.
.
Clarification of course of conduct bribery
Section 201 of title 18, United States Code, is amended—
in subsection (b), by
striking anything of value
each place it appears and inserting
any thing or things of value
; and
in subsection (c), by
striking anything of value
each place it appears and inserting
any thing or things of value
.
Expanding venue for perjury and obstruction of justice proceedings
In general
Section 1512(i) of
title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking A prosecution under
this section or section 1503
and inserting A prosecution under
this chapter
.
Perjury
In general
Chapter 79 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
Venue
A prosecution under this chapter may be brought in the district in which the oath, declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury is made or in which a proceeding takes place in connection with the oath, declaration, certificate, verification, or statement.
.
Clerical amendment
The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 79 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
.
Authorization for additional personnel to investigate and prosecute public corruption offenses
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Offices of the Inspectors General and the Department of Justice, including the United States Attorneys’ Offices, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Public Integrity Section of the Criminal Division, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011, to increase the number of personnel to investigate and prosecute public corruption offenses including sections 201, 203 through 209, 641, 654, 666, 1001, 1341, 1343, 1346, and 1951 of title 18, United States Code.
Amendment of the sentencing guidelines relating to certain crimes
Directive to Sentencing Commission
Pursuant to its authority under section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code, and in accordance with this section, the United States Sentencing Commission shall review and amend its guidelines and its policy statements applicable to persons convicted of an offense under sections 201, 641, and 666 of title 18, United States Code, in order to reflect the intent of Congress that such penalties be increased in comparison to those currently provided by the guidelines and policy statements.
Requirements
In carrying out this section, the Commission shall—
ensure that the sentencing guidelines and policy statements reflect Congress’ intent that the guidelines and policy statements reflect the serious nature of the offenses described in subsection (a), the incidence of such offenses, and the need for an effective deterrent and appropriate punishment to prevent such offenses;
consider the extent to which the guidelines may or may not appropriately account for—
the potential and actual harm to the public and the amount of any loss resulting from the offense;
the level of sophistication and planning involved in the offense;
whether the offense was committed for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial benefit;
whether the defendant acted with intent to cause either physical or property harm in committing the offense;
the extent to which the offense represented an abuse of trust by the offender and was committed in a manner that undermined public confidence in the Federal, State, or local government; and
whether the violation was intended to or had the effect of creating a threat to public health or safety, injury to any person or even death;
assure reasonable consistency with other relevant directives and with other sentencing guidelines;
account for any additional aggravating or mitigating circumstances that might justify exceptions to the generally applicable sentencing ranges;
make any necessary conforming changes to the sentencing guidelines; and
assure that the guidelines adequately meet the purposes of sentencing as set forth in section 3553(a)(2) of title 18, United States Code.
December 10, 2007
Reported with an amendment