A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to contributions and expenditures intended to affect elections.

Mr. President, I rise to discuss a constitutional amendment I am introducing today, along with my colleague Senator Tom Udall, in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court's recent Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission decision. This proposed amendment would simply authorize Congress to regulate the raising and spending of money for Federal political campaigns--including independent expenditures--and allow States to regulate such spending at their level. It would also provide for implementation and enforcement of the amendment through appropriate legislation. I invite my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to join us by cosponsoring the amendment.

Let me begin by noting that I am a firm believer in the sanctity of the First Amendment. I believe we must continue to do all we can to protect the free speech rights of all Americans. I do not suggest changing the language of the First Amendment, which I revere. But I do not believe that money is speech, nor do I believe that corporations should be treated exactly the same as individual Americans when it comes to protected, fundamental speech rights. That is what the Supreme Court has effectively now held.

I recognize that amending the Constitution is a long-term undertaking, and that this effort will not likely bear fruit during my remaining time in this body. Reinhold Niebuhr said that nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime; I would add much less during a Senate term.' I hope that in the wake of this court decision we can begin that comprehensive reform effort; I know that it would be worth doing. The Constitution itself establishes a long and complex process for its own amendment, including approval by Congress and the States, and I am proposing to use that process to save our democratic system of government, and ultimately our republic, from the continued corrosion of special interest influence.

I am introducing the amendment because I believe that constitutional

questions deserve constitutional answers. While I intend to support interim legislative steps to address urgently those issues that can be addressed in the wake of this decision, including increased disclosure requirements, further limitations to prevent foreign corporations' influence on our elections, and other measures, I think the scope of such efforts is limited by the court's sweeping, even radical conclusions in this case.

Make no mistake, as much of the commentary surrounding it suggests, the Citizens United case is one of the most radical decisions in the court's long history of campaign finance reform jurisprudence. It overturns 100 years of precedents to come to the unjustified conclusion that corporations deserve the same free speech protections as individual Americans. It opens the door to corporations spending vast amounts of money directly from their treasuries to influence Federal elections, and thereby influence Federal officeholders and policy decisions, in ways much more direct and concentrated than is the case now through corporate and union political action committees. If you are concerned now about the undue special interest influence of big banks, energy companies, health insurance firms, pharmaceutical firms and other special interests on our political process, just wait until these entities can spend millions of dollars directly to elect or defeat officeholders. If you are concerned about the special interest- generated paralysis of our legislative process, wait until you see the results of this decision. As one distinguished Republican election lawyer who opposes the decision recently said, it will be the ``wild, wild west.''

Perhaps most radical is the court's conclusion that corporations are legal ``persons'' seemingly deserving of the exact same free speech protections as all Americans. This decision notwithstanding, corporations are not people. A first-year law student will note that corporations are basically a legal fiction, entities created with certain limited legal rights designed to enable them to operate in the business world: to enter into and enforce contracts, to conduct transactions, and the like. They can't vote or think or speak or run for office. They only make political and policy decisions through their officers and shareholders, informed by their lobbyists and others. They should not enjoy the same fundamental free speech protections that individual Americans enjoy in our political discourse, or the ability to spend unlimited funds directly from large corporate treasuries for that purpose. As others have observed, the framers could not have imagined, and would not have wanted, a system in which corporations could pour literally billions of dollars into elections and thereby exercise grossly outsized influence over the fate of our elected representatives. Such a system does not promote free speech; it mocks it.

I have worked for decades to reform our campaign finance laws, with colleagues and former colleagues like Senators Boren, Mitchell, Byrd, Daschle, Feingold, Kerry, McCain, Dole, Cochran, and others. Time and again we have developed comprehensive bipartisan efforts, only to have them frustrated by a small minority of Senators, or in one case by a veto exercised by the first President Bush. I have served my party as head of the Democratic National Committee, and so I have seen the problems of our current campaign finance system from a variety of perspectives.

In previous debates I have rehearsed the problems with our current system. They include the exponentially increasing costs of campaigns. The endless time we must spend to travel and make calls to raise money, which is then spent mostly on expensive and increasingly negative TV ads in our states. The ways in which special interests buy access and influence, and how such influence erodes the trust and confidence of Americans in our democracy. These problems are systemic, pervasive and fundamental. They require comprehensive, fundamental reforms. A constitutional amendment would create the conditions for the possibility of real statutory reform that could then be adjusted as we go along, to address new abuses and problems as they arise.

I attended the Supreme Court's oral arguments in this case, and I heard in the pointed questions of the Justices who composed this 5-4 majority the portents of this radical decision. But even then I did not anticipate fully how breathtakingly far the court would reach.

That extended reach was not only unwise and unjustified, it was also unnecessary. This court majority, whose members have so forcefully decried judicial activism, might have taken a less radical approach, and resolved the legal issue before them without drawing such sweeping conclusions. Instead, they chose to ride roughshod over decades of the court's own legal precedents and the principle of stare decisis. That is why I believe it is fair to say, as Justice Stevens did in his stinging dissent in this case, that this case was brought by the Justices themselves. I urge my colleagues to read Justice Stevens' detailed, powerful and carefully reasoned dissent. In it, among other things, he observes that the only thing that has really changed since the Supreme Court made its rulings in the Austin, 1990, and McConnell, 2003, decisions, upholding the corporate campaign spending ban, is the composition of the Supreme Court. Instead of deciding the case based on the narrow issues before them, in a raw display of activist judicial power the majority in this sharply divided court took the rare step of asking for the case to be broadened and re-argued, and then issued this sweeping decision.

With this decision, I believe the court has seriously jeopardized its own integrity, already damaged by its hugely controversial decision in Bush v. Gore, and done enormous harm to our democracy--harm which will only become clearer to Americans in the next few years as close Congressional and state races are decided by the spending of corporate interests.

The public reaction to this court decision has been swift and strong, I think because Americans intuitively recognize that it represents an enormous transfer of power away from citizens to wealthy corporations. I saw a poll recently which showed broad opposition to the decision among all Americans--Democrats, Republicans and Independents alike. The poll showed that it was opposed by 66 percent of Democrats, 63 percent of Republicans, and 72 percent of Independents. Americans intuitively recognize the dangers of a decision to allow corporations to spend unlimited funds against candidates. They see this decision's potential to worsen the problem of special interest influence, and to further erode trust and confidence in that process. Though this hasn't been commented on too broadly in the media reports following this decision, I also believe Americans recognize that the next logical step the Supreme Court could take in the wake of this decision is to go beyond this decision which overturns the ban on corporate independent expenditures in campaigns to allow direct corporate contributions to candidates.

This constitutional amendment is a version of one passionately championed for years by Senator Hollings, and updated by Senator Schumer in the last Congress. I have decided to reintroduce it at this point in our debate to emphasize that even though I support efforts to do what we can in the interim to reform our campaign finance laws, ultimately we must cut through the underbrush and go directly to the heart of the problem: the Supreme Court's decision in Buckley vs. Valeo and other subsequent decisions which conflate money with speech, and this most recent decision in Citizens United which lifts the long-time ban on direct corporate spending in campaigns.

In these decisions, the Supreme Court has basically made it impossible for Americans to have what they have repeatedly said they want: reasonable regulations of campaign contributions and expenditures which do not either directly or indirectly limit the ideas that may be expressed in the public realm. I submit that such regulations would actually broaden the public debate on a number of issues by freeing it from the narrow confines dictated by special interest money. With its decisions, the Supreme Court has effectively neutered comprehensive efforts to control the ever-spiraling money chase, and has forced legislation intended to control the cancerous effects of money in politics to be more complicated and convoluted than necessary. The complications we are

forced to resort to, in turn, create new opportunities for abuse.

Even without a constitutional amendment, we can try to make some progress. For example, I think we made some decent progress on the McCain-Feingold legislation, even despite the Court's decisions since 2002 narrowing the reach of that law. But we cannot enact truly comprehensive legislation that will get to the heart of the problem under current court rulings. I wish we could. I have long supported a clean elections system of public financing for Congressional campaigns which would integrate spending limits, citizen financing, and other basic reforms. That is the way I think we should go. There are other approaches. But the fact is--and I am sorry for this--that unless the Supreme Court again reverses itself, we cannot get the comprehensive legislation we really need unless we first adopt an amendment to the Constitution.

This amendment is neutral on what kind of regulation of campaigns would be allowed. It simply authorizes such regulation, and leaves it to Congress and state legislatures to determine what might be appropriate. That is where such decisions should be made on these issues: by the people's representatives in Congress and in state legislatures. That is why I think amending the Constitution and enabling Congress to make those decisions is the first step if we are to make real progress on this front.

Others will argue for a narrower constitutional amendment to focus primarily on the issue of corporate expenditures. That is another way to address the issue, though I believe it would still leave many unanswered questions about Congress' ability to regulate broadly in this area. We should have a full and robust debate about all of the options.

Someday we may adopt this idea, if the situation continues to run out of hand. And we may look back to this court decision in 2010 and mark it as an historic watershed, a catalyst for major change. I sincerely hope that will be true, for the sake of this institution and our democratic process, and for the sake of our country. I commend the amendment to my colleagues' attention, and urge them to consider cosponsoring it.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the joint resolution be printed in the Record.

Mr. President, today, I am pleased to join with Senator Grassley to introduce the Drug Free Communities Enhancement Act of 2010, a bill to authorize additional Drug Free Communities grants to help address major emerging drug issues and local drug crises. It is crucial that communities around the country have the leadership and resources needed to respond to serious drug problems in a comprehensive and coordinated manner. Drug Free Community, DFC, coalitions have been proven to significantly lower substance abuse rates in our communities nationwide.

This legislation will allow current and former DFCs to apply for grants of up to $75,000 per year to implement comprehensive, community- wide strategies to address emerging local drug issues or drug crises. The funds may also be used for DFC members to obtain specialized training and technical assistance to improve the operation of their coalitions. These grants, which must be matched dollar for dollar, would be available to DFCs for up to 4 years.

The DFC program encourages local citizens to become directly involved in solving their community's drug issues through grassroots community organizing and data-driven planning and implementation. Research shows that effective prevention hinges on the extent to which the entire community works comprehensively and collaboratively to implement education, prevention, enforcement, treatment, and recovery initiatives. The DFC program strategically invests Federal anti-drug resources at the community level with those who have the most power to reduce the demand for drugs--namely parents, teachers, business leaders, the media, religious leaders, law enforcement officials, youth, and others. Drug Free Communities grantees execute collaborative strategies to address their communities' unique substance use and abuse issues. This is the optimal way to ensure that the entire community benefits from prevention.

In Vermont, we have felt the presence of drug abuse and drug-related crime in our communities. The myth persists that drug abuse and drug- related crime are only big-city problems, but rural America is also coping with these issues. I have twice brought the Judiciary Committee to Vermont to examine these problems and gain perspectives to help shape solutions, and I hope to hold another field hearing in Vermont soon. I know well that law enforcement alone is not the solution for our communities. I have long advocated an approach with equal attention to law enforcement, prevention and education, and treatment.

Perhaps the most important component in dealing with this crucial problem is collaboration. Community anti-drug coalitions have a unique ability to build on pre-existing relationships among parents, teachers, students, and law enforcement, which make them a critical component in reducing drug use. I have consistently supported funding for these coalitions and was pleased that last year 14 Vermont coalitions were awarded Drug Free Community grants totaling $1.2 million.

Last week, I spoke with a number of Vermonters representing these community partnerships and heard about the innovative frameworks they have implemented to combat drug abuse in their communities, thanks in large part to DFC grants. This bill will enable many of them to secure supplemental funding to continue the important work they do every day. Indeed, communities nationwide who are facing serious drug issues will benefit from these enhancement grants.

The community coalition model has proven extremely effective, and has achieved impressive outcomes. We see significant results when we have people working together at the local, state, and Federal levels, and in the law enforcement, prevention, and treatment fields. We have seen that success in Vermont and throughout the country, but there is more work to be done. Drug abuse and drug-related crime is a persistent problem in America, in major metropolitan areas and rural communities alike. I hope all Senators will support this bipartisan bill so that communities nationwide can sustain effective community coalitions to reduce youth drug use.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be printed in the Record.

Mr. President, in 1997 then-Senator Biden and I sponsored legislation to create the Drug Free Communities, DFC, grant program. At the time, I believed, as I still do today, that one of the most effective ways the Federal Government can prevent drug abuse from flourishing is by supporting local community efforts to identify, prevent and eradicate the sources of abuse. Since the passage of the Drug Free Communities Act, hundreds of community anti-drug coalitions have received Federal grants to further their efforts to halt the spread of drug abuse in their communities.

Despite the successes of the DFC program, drug abuse continues to challenge our communities. More often than not, a community can rise up to meet this challenge head on and confront the abuse before it spreads. However, drug abuse is one challenge that can emerge in rapid fashion. In difficult economic times when States and communities struggle to stay within their budgets without eliminating vital services, it is important that community anti-drug coalitions do not suffer from a lack of resources. This is why I am pleased to join my colleague, Senator Leahy, in introducing the Drug Free Communities Enhancement Act, DFCEA, of 2010.

This legislation builds off the successful DFC grant program by allowing community coalitions to form a strategy that best fits their community to confront a sudden or emerging drug threat without Federal interference. The DFCEA authorizes $5 million to the Office of National Drug Control Policy to award supplemental grants of up to $75,000 to current and past DFC grantees to address an emerging drug issue or crisis. The grantee would be eligible to receive these supplemental grants for up to a 4 year period if they document, using local data, rates of drug abuse higher than the national average.

In my home State of Iowa, communities face unique challenges in confronting drug abuse. In Polk County, the home of the State capitol of Des Moines, 37 percent of 11th graders admitted to using marijuana in the 2008 Iowa Youth Survey. This is significantly higher than the statewide average of 27 percent from the same survey. This number is also 4 percent higher than the national average according to the 2009 Monitoring the Future survey of 12th graders. In Black Hawk County, the home of Waterloo and Cedar Falls, 8 percent of 11th graders admitted to using over-the-counter cold medicines to get high according to the Iowa Youth Survey. This is higher than the 6 percent of the Nation's 12th graders who admitted to cold medicine abuse in the Monitoring the Future survey. Communities like these would benefit under the DFCEA, because they would

be able to apply for a supplemental grant to put a strategy into action to reduce these use rates.

Community coalitions represent the front lines in the fight against drug abuse. The DFCEA will help to ensure that community coalitions will remain strong and vibrant no matter the economic or drug trend situation in the community. Drug abuse flourishes when the problem is ignored. If we are to overcome the challenges of drug abuse we must stand untied in the effort. I urge my colleagues to join us as we continue this fight to keep our communities drug free.

Mr. President, our country has recently taken great steps forward to support the principles of mental health parity. In 2008, Congress has enacted two important pieces of legislation to end discrimination against people suffering from mental illnesses.

Congress passed the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, MHPAEA, to prohibit the establishment of discriminatory benefit caps or cost-sharing requirements for mental health and substance use disorders. That same year Congress also passed the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Protections Act, MIPPA, which included legislation introduced by Senator Snowe, and myself, the Medicare Mental Health Copayment Equity Act. This legislation prevented Medicare beneficiaries from being charged higher copayments for outpatient mental health services than for all other outpatient physician services.

Unfortunately, even with the passage of MIPPA, a serious mental health inequity remains in Medicare. Medicare beneficiaries are currently limited to only 190-days of inpatient psychiatric hospital care in their lifetime. This lifetime limit directly impacts Medicare beneficiaries' access to psychiatric hospitals, although it does not apply to psychiatric units in general hospitals. This arbitrary cap on benefits is discriminatory to the mentally ill as there is no such lifetime limit for any other Medicare specialty inpatient hospital service. The 190-day lifetime limit is problematic for patients being treated in psychiatric hospitals as they may easily exceed the 190-days if they have a chronic mental illness.

That is why Senator Snowe and I are working together once again to address the last remaining mental health parity issue in Medicare. Today, we are introducing the Medicare Mental Health Inpatient Equity Act. Our legislation would eliminate the Medicare 190-day lifetime limit for inpatient psychiatric hospital care. It would equalize Medicare mental health coverage with private health insurance coverage, expand beneficiary choice of inpatient psychiatric care providers, increase access for the seriously ill, and improve continuity of care.

This legislation is supported by 46 national organizations that represent hospital associations, seniors' organizations and the mental health community. I would like to thank a number of organizations who have been integral to the development of the Medicare Mental Health Inpatient Equity Act and who have endorsed our legislation today, including the AARP, the American Hospital Association, the National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems, and the American Psychological Association.

Congress has now acted to address mental health parity issues for group health plans and for outpatient Medicare services. It is time to end this outmoded law and ensure that beneficiaries with mental illnesses have access to a range of appropriate settings for their care. I look forward to working with my colleagues in the Senate to achieve mental health parity in Medicare.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be printed in the Record.