COAST Research Act of 2021

Mr. President, I could hardly hear you, but thank you very much for that recognition.

I am about to talk about an issue that the man in the Chair, the good Senator from New Jersey, I know is passionate about. It is certainly something that I know Montanans are passionate about, and, quite frankly, it is what I do every day when I am not in this body, and that is, talk about rural America and talk about the issues that are facing working families and communities across our State, across our country, those issues being inflation and rising costs and market consolidation and depopulation and drought.

Last year about this time, I made a quick trip to the town of Great Falls, which is about 75 miles away from my

farm, to pick up some tires, and I was shocked about not only the price but the availability. Prices had gone up, and availability was--well, they were high in demand, and there wasn't a lot of inventory.

When I got back home, almost the same moment in time, I got a call from my equipment dealer--and this was the first time this has ever happened to me in my 44 years on the farm--and the equipment dealer said: We are going to have harvest in about 60 to 90 days, and if you have any repairs that you need to be done on your combine, we need to know what those are today so we can get the parts ordered. Otherwise, we can't guarantee you those parts will be here.

That was the second shock about the supply chain issues that I was dealt with.

So when I came back here to DC, I rang the alarm about the rising costs that were occurring in rural America and impacting producers in rural America caused by this pandemic. I had a manufacturer in my office a few weeks ago saying how this pandemic has made it so they can't supply America with what they were making. He said: You know, during the pandemic, we told folks to go home, and the 40- and 50-year- olds have forgotten to come back.

So, quite frankly, this pandemic has created some challenges in business, in manufacturing, and in agriculture that we need to be paying attention to.

Then we have Putin's war in Ukraine, which has made things worse, particularly in the areas of energy and, from a farm standpoint, fertilizer. It has also put a strain on our family farms across this country, which, by the way, have already spent years under the gun where things have not been that cheery.

Even before the pandemic upended supply chains and the global economy, we had the previous administration's unnecessary, needless, and, quite frankly, stupid trade wars, which disrupted critical ag markets for the family farmers across this Nation and the family farm ranchers across this Nation who depend upon trade to make ends meet. In the years since, we have seen the price of grain rise because this administration has done a much better job on trade policy than the last one, but the fact is, we have also seen increases in fertilizers, in chemicals, in housing, and in retail food.

But the reality is that rural America truly is in crisis today, and it has been a growing problem for decades under both Democratic and Republican administrations here in Washington. Ag producers have become so reliant on the Federal Government that in the year of 2020, the last year of the Trump administration, 39 percent of net farm income was provided through subsidies by the American taxpayer. That is a big problem, and it is not something that farmers and ranchers want either.

The reason for this is because of market consolidation, because of farm gate prices being artificially low, requiring this government's support. To further contribute, whether it is buying inputs or selling our products--our grain, our cattle, our postcrops, or whatever it might be--consolidation in that marketplace, whether it is on inputs or in the market itself, has made profitability at the farm gate a huge challenge, to the point where we have been driving folks out of business for decades and decades and decades, and it is getting worse.

As most folks know here, I have a real life, and that real life is as a farmer. My wife Sharla and I took over our family operation in 1978. This operation is the same operation that my grandfather and my grandmother homesteaded in the early 1900s and that my folks took over from them and farmed through the forties, the fifties, the sixties, and a good portion of the seventies.

In many ways, the little community in which I live is much the same as when my parents lived there. There is a big difference, though: The farms now are bigger, and they are fewer.

This is an aerial shot of our place, and the arrows point to farms that, quite frankly--farmsteads where--when we came to the farm, there were families who lived there. There were people who sent their kids to the school who lived there. Now, those places--those farmsteads and those farms that go with those farmsteads are farmed by other people.

In fact, in my home county of Chouteau County, which is a big county--it is a big agricultural county--since 1987, we have lost nearly 35 percent of our farms. The numbers have gone from 752 farms down to 477 farms. This is from 1987 to 2017, a 30-year period, which is the last that we have data for.

In the State of Montana overall, operations over $2,500 have gone from 20,000 basically to 17,000, as this chart shows--once again, the same 30-year period from 1987 to 2017.

Across this Nation, operations with more than $2,500 in sales have dropped from nearly 1.6 million farms down to 1\1/4\ million farms in 2017, as this chart shows.

So, look, if these charts show you nothing else, they should show you that, from a rural America standpoint and a food supply standpoint and a food security standpoint, we are not healthy. We are heading in the wrong direction.

You know, there has been a lot of talk about agriculture and its impact on mental health. So try to imagine for a second that you are a farmer or a rancher. You are working nearly every day on the land that was your grandparents or your great-grandparents, potentially your great-great-grandparents. The land is literally a history of your family and the generations before you who did basically the same work-- feeding people--in the same place to make the same living, except that, over time, the numbers, they don't work out anymore. The amount of money you have coming in when you sell your product isn't that much different than it was years before, but yet input costs have gone up.

By the way, I might add, they are not that much different than they were before because we have some serious consolidation in the marketplace, which I am going to talk about in a second, but yet inputs go up. Look, in the last 44 years that I have been on the farm, I have seen many boom-and-bust cycles in agriculture, and I can tell you, every time the price of grain or cattle has gone up, the input costs have risen more than what you are getting in the marketplace, and then when those marketplace numbers drop, the input prices never go down.

But getting back to that farmer that you imagine yourself to be like, I want you to think about what it would be like to take over the farm that your grandfather or great-grandfather or great-great-grandfather homesteaded and it has been successful for generations, and now, all of a sudden, the books don't balance. You don't have enough money to pay the bills. And it is not because you are a bad operator. It is not because you don't know what you are doing. It really is through no fault of your own that you can't make it work anymore.

And we wonder why we have a challenge with mental health in rural America.

So the question is, is why did we lose 345,000 farms in the last 30 years, many of them generational farms?

It is because folks can't make the numbers work anymore. And that main culprit is consolidation in the corporate ag world. No competition means you don't get fair prices.

So I have listed four companies up here that in the--or four industries, I should say--in the poultry business, 54 percent of the poultry processing is controlled by one company. Sixty-six percent--or by four companies, I mean. Sixty-six percent of the hog processing is controlled by four companies. Four commodity traders control 70 percent of the global market for grain, and four companies control over 80 percent of the beef processing in the United States.

Now, any one of these sectors--truthfully, any one of these sectors, those four companies could go out on a golf course and set the price that my neighbors are getting for their products and that the consumer is going to pay for their products when it is on the retail end.

And this happens while they continue to pull in record profits. And the ultimate effect of all this consolidation on rural communities is it has pushed family farming and ranchers to the brink of extinction.

And so you ask yourself: Why should I care?

Well, for one, the American taxpayer is paying a pretty penny because of

this consolidation. In recent years, we have averaged well over $10 billion a year to help keep American farmers in the business across this country. I believe it is money well spent, but the truth is that there is not a farmer or a rancher out there that doesn't want to get their check from the marketplace; they do not want it from the Federal Government. But without it, we would see even a bigger mass exodus out of rural America. They want their markets to work. They want to make it so it benefits them and it benefits the consumer, and, quite frankly, right now it is not working because we have four companies that control 54 percent of the food supply in chickens, four companies that control 66 percent of the supply in pork, 70 percent in the grain markets, four companies, and over 80 percent when it comes to beef.

There is no competition, folks. There is no competition. And this is also bad not only for the taxpayer, but also for our food security.

What this pandemic has taught us is when you have big processors with thousands of people that work in these plants and you get an incidence of COVID, for example, it shuts the entire plant down because you literally have people in these plants that are working shoulder-to- shoulder processing meat. So COVID goes through these plants like that. So they shut them down.

Or you end up with a fire like we had at a processing plant in Kansas, which, obviously, a fire shuts the plant down.

Or we have a cyber attack that happened on one of these big four, JBS, which shuts them down.

So you say: What the heck? It is just one plant.

Well, these plants individually make up a large portion of these percentages that I talked about.

And so what happens? The marketplace goes away once again for the producers, the farmers, the ranchers; and on the other end, it limits supply and the family--the working family that goes to the grocery store sees their prices go up and they say what do we want? Well, we can't do this. I mean, we can't afford to eat because the prices are jacked up.

So it is bad for producers; it is bad for the consumers.

And the fact is, is these packers are doing pretty darn well. The last quarter of 2020, Tyson Foods increased their year-to-year profit over $469 million to $1.13 billion. That is a 140-percent increase in profit.

Now, I am going to tell you something. I don't think there is anything wrong with making a profit. In fact, I think if you are going to have a business that is successful, you have to make a profit. But the fact of the matter is, if we are making a profit--these kinds of profits--and it is killing our folks in family farm agriculture, I don't think that is quite right. And I don't think that is good for rural America, and I don't think it is good for the consumers that live in this country.

So bottom line is, we have got to put some guardrails on the system if we are going to make this marketplace work because it is not working today.

So we have got some legislative solutions. Congress has the opportunity to do something, and I have worked very closely with a number of my colleagues, including the man that is sitting in the chair today, on bipartisan legislation that can put guardrails on consolidation and puts some sunlight on this industry.

I particularly want to thank Senators Grassley, Fischer, Wyden, and Rounds, as well as Senator Booker, for their good work.

In the case of Grassley, Fischer, Wyden, and Rounds, we have put forth the bipartisan Cattle Price Discovery and Transparency Act. That is a long name for a bill that is going to increase transparency in the marketplace and set regional mandatory minimum thresholds for negotiated cattle purchases. This is going to ensure that the ranchers get a fair price, but it won't ensure it alone. We have to do more.

We have to also pass the Meat Packing Special Investigator Act, which will put teeth back in the Packers and Stockyards Act, which was passed back in 1921 because of consolidation in the packing industry, and we are more consolidated today than we were in 1921.

So this will give the Department of Ag a team of investigators within the USDA, with subpoena power, dedicated to preventing and addressing anticompetition practices in the meat and poultry industry and enforcing our Nation's antitrust laws that are currently on the books.

And I am asking my colleagues, when these bills hit the floor--and I believe they will hit the floor, hopefully this work period--to pass these bills, get them to the House so we can get them to the President's desk as quickly as possible.

If you take these two bills, the meat packing special investigator bill and the bipartisan cattle price discovery bill--by the way, they are both bipartisan--and you combine that with the dollars that the administration has put out to loan to small meat packers, to expand and start up meat packers, we will infuse more competition into this marketplace and that will be good for producers and it will be good for consumers and we will not continue to see this decline in rural America.

Look, a well-fed citizenry is essential if a democracy is going to survive. With the consolidation that we have seen over the last many decades, we see the potential for food to become a serious problem in this country, and potentially even weaponized.

Rural America is going to dry up if we don't fix this problem. It is going to continue to see this diagram where we could see fewer folks on the land and we see bigger corporations manipulating for their prices, because, quite frankly, they have already found out--``they'' being the big packers--that they can have it their way because they have had it their way for a long, long time. And because they have had it their way for a long, long time, consumers are paying higher prices because there is no competition, without any regard to what people can afford. It is all about the profit margins, which--I will show you that one again too.

It is all about record profits. It is not about making sure that we have food security. It is about how we can maximize our money at the expense of families.

And by the way, the same is true on the agriculture side of the equation. We will maximize our profits, and we don't care if these generational ranchers go broke. We don't care. Somebody else will buy it. We will still get the cattle. It will be some big hedge fund in New York City. It is OK.

So we need to do something because our citizenry needs to have access to food that they can afford. These two bills are going to help capitalism work for farmers and it is going to help capitalism work for consumers because, I am telling you, when capitalism works, everybody does better.

I said this problem has been around for over 100 years since the Packers and Stockyards Act was passed in 1921. So there will be some in this body who say: Look, we don't need to do this. This is government intervention. It is not necessary. Things will be just fine.

I can guarantee you one thing for sure: If you look at where we have been and predict where we are going, if we do nothing, there will be very, very, very few people living in rural America. Family farm agriculture will be dead in this country. And if we lose family farm agriculture, this country will change for the worse in a major way for all the reasons I have already put out.

So I am going to tell you what. Folks serve in this body because they want to do right by the next generation. They want to make sure our kids and our grandkids have the same opportunity that we had. They want to make sure this country remains the greatest country on Earth. I implore the Members of this body: When these bills come to the floor, and they will come to the floor because I think they are going to come out of Agriculture probably in the next week to 10 days--no pressure, Chairman Stabenow, but that is what I hope happens--and we can get these bills to the floor, I hope that you put your shoes--put your feet in the shoes of those people that are involved in agriculture, and I hope you put your feet in the shoes of the consumer, because if we do these bills, we will be putting the country back on the right track for food security for the long term.

Yeah. So, look, you have a situation where you have got four companies who control 82 percent of the meat in this country. There is no secret. When you don't have any competition--and that is not competition--that you are not going to get a fair price.

And, by the way, these ranchers all have fixed costs. It is not like they can just cut their costs. They have fixed costs.

And right now, because of the drought west of the Mississippi, hay prices are at an alltime high. So all this stuff exacerbates the problem.

What we need is more competition. We will get more competition. And when we get more competition, it will be fair for everybody, both the producer and the consumer.

Mr. President, let me start by expressing my gratitude to the Senator from Wyoming, Senator Barrasso, for laying out the nature of the border crisis that we are experiencing and have experienced at the highest levels in 20 years, during the year and a half--or year and a quarter, I guess, of the Biden administration.

But I want to come to the floor and talk about an aspect of the border crisis that has not been sufficiently discussed or noticed, and that is the connection between the flood of illegal drugs coming across the border--not just with the 100,000 drug overdose deaths we experienced in America last year, but also with crime and gangs and guns in every community across the United States, from Maine to Texas, from Virginia to California.

A Gallup poll published earlier this month found that 80 percent of Americans are worried about crime and violence. It seems like there is a new headline every day about acts of violence in cities across our country.

Two weeks ago, for example, a gunman set off smoke grenades and opened fire on a crowded New York City subway car. Chicago just experienced its most violent weekend this year, with 8 people murdered and 42 others shot.

Earlier this month, a gang shootout in Sacramento killed 6 and wounded 12. The American people aren't just noticing this trend; they are demanding solutions. Rising crime rates have caused many leaders to change their tune on this idea, this crazy idea called ``defund the police.''

New York City, Oakland, and Baltimore are among the cities to reverse their previous cuts in police funding. And that is for a very simple reason. It is because defunding the police is dangerous.

There is no question that law enforcement plays an important role in stopping crime, but we have to remember that this crime surge is tied to far more than just police departments. I am reminded of a quote by H. L. Mencken:

For every complex problem, there's a solution that is

simple, neat, and wrong.

So when looking at the factors that fuel this upsurge of violence and crime in our cities across the country, we can't ignore a big contributor of that, which is the crisis occurring along our southern border. Some of the numbers are familiar to all of us. For example, Customs and Border Protection encountered more than 200,000 migrants along the southern border last month

alone, the highest number in more than two decades.

The total number of migrant encounters over the last 12 months exceeds 2.2 million. You might be tempted to ask what in the world is going on; why are things changing? I want to make one thing clear, though. I am in no way suggesting that all of these individuals coming across the border are dangerous criminals. Many of them are economic migrants looking for a better life. Something we all understand.

But there are definitely people coming across the border who are dangerous criminals, primarily associated with the drug cartels, who threaten public safety in every city in America every day.

We need to acknowledge that a human flood of people, even people potentially associated with legitimate asylum claims, but that flood of humanity, just the--having to deal with that many people, opened gateways for truly dangerous criminals and the drugs that are smuggled across the border undetected.

I will give you an example of how that happens. Last fall, more than 15,000 migrants, primarily Haitians who had been living in South America, arrived at the small border town of Del Rio, TX, a town of a population of 35,000 people.

So all of a sudden, 15,000 migrants show up in a town of 35,000 people. It is not by accident. To state the obvious, the Del Rio Border Patrol Sector did not have the capacity to process and care for that many migrants at a given time. But that was part of the plan of the drug cartels and the criminal organizations associated with them. But in response, the administration moved Border Patrol agents from other checkpoints to the Del Rio sector to try to help. But, of course, that is exactly what the cartels hoped for.

Taking people off the frontlines in other sectors to handle the surge of migrants in Del Rio opened up avenues for the drug cartels to smuggle their poison into the United States.

Administration officials later told Congressional staff that this massive surge of migrants was, they acknowledge, part of a coordinated effort by the cartels. They directed the Haitian migrants to show up at a single location in a small town on the border to make sure that other paths into the United States would be cleared for their illicit contraband of drugs.

Talk to any Border Patrol agent and they will tell you that this happens all the time. The cartels are very sophisticated. They know how to game the system. They watch, they wait, they coordinate, and at the right moment, they bring their poison into our country.

In many cases, they are moving drugs--everything from marijuana to methamphetamine to heroin. But in recent years, Customs and Border Protection has seen an alarming increase in synthetic opioids, fentanyl coming across the border.

As we all have learned, fentanyl is a uniquely dangerous drug because it is so potent, a lethal dose can fit on the tip of a sharpened pencil.

In the first 3 months of this year, Customs and Border Protection seized nearly 1,200 kilograms. Now, a kilogram is 2.2 pounds, so that is 2,640 pounds of fentanyl were seized at the border, enough to wipe out the entire U.S. population.

Cartels and criminal organizations aren't just trying to smuggle their product into the United States, they have to have a way to distribute those drugs across our country. And that is where the criminal gangs come into the picture.

Last Tuesday, agents from the Rio Grande Valley Border Patrol Sector arrested an MS-13 member. MS-13 is one of the most violent gangs on the planet. The following day, agents arrested an 18th Street gang member, and, over the weekend, agents arrested four additional gang members. This all happened in one Border Patrol sector in less than a week's time.

What we need to remember when we look at all this data is that these are just the ones we know about. We have absolutely no idea how many drugs and criminals have slipped through the cracks. Now, the Border Patrol has a name for this, they call it ``the getaways,'' but the truth is we don't really know how many people have gotten away, undetected, to smuggle drugs or dangerous criminals into the United States.

By one estimate, 385,000 getaways came across the border in 2021. And there is a reason they didn't turn themselves in to the Border Patrol; they are not seeking asylum. They are not saying: I have been persecuted in my home country, and, thus, eligible for asylum potentially in the United States.

These people, these getaways, are the ones that don't want to be detected by law enforcement because they are up to no good.

I think this chart shows the network of gangs and criminal organizations operating within the United States.

You know, most of the time we all think, well, the drugs come across the border, and we forget what happens next. But as you can see, cartels--this is a DEA, a Drug Enforcement Administration, chart--as you can see, the cartels in transnational criminal organizations have a presence in most major cities across the United States.

Many of these are members of dangerous gangs who want to make money, so they sell drugs in their local community, and they fight for territory, for market share. They commit other property crimes, other crimes of violence, carjacking, larceny, armed robbery, in order to fuel their need for money.

So once cartel members and their gang associates get drugs across the border, where do they go? Well, they go to Chicago. They go to Detroit. They go to Atlanta. They go to New York. They go to San Diego. They go to virtually every community in our country where they are then distributed to people to feed addictions, which result in overdoses and death. It is not just a border problem. This affects every single community in our country.

Last year, the special agent of Chicago's DEA office spoke about what happens when these drugs and criminals reach your backyard. He said cartels use every means possible to get drugs from Mexico into the United States and then to local markets. In Chicago, that means predominantly to the gangs that control the drug markets in Chicago.

But it is not just Chicago. It is literally every community in America. These are the same gangs that fuel the overdose epidemic, the same ones that perpetuate crime and gun violence. These are the same gangs that engage in deadly fights over control for territory and market share. And the cruel reality is, this is happening on a daily basis in every community in our country, which is contributing to the spike in violent crime and the public's reasonable concerns that they have expressed about it, including boneheaded ideas like defunding the police.

A Drug Enforcement Agency report from 2017 acknowledged that drug trafficking profits ``increase the staying power of both street gangs and drug trafficking organizations.'' The more money they make, the more drugs that are manufactured and brought into the country and spread throughout our communities.

No community in America is safe. A rural, an urban, a suburban community, none of them have been spared the pain and suffering of the drug overdose epidemic, drugs which predominantly come across our southern border by these criminal cartels.

I mentioned it before, but it is worth noting that last year we hit a grim milestone in America. For the first time on record, more than a hundred thousand Americans lost their lives to drug overdoses in a 12- month period.

Now, I remember what happened when Al Qaeda hit the United States and killed 3,000 Americans on 9/11. We declared war, and we committed ourselves to rooting out these terrorists that exported this terrorist plot to hit our homeland.

When 100,000 Americans die of drug overdoses, what do we do? Well, we throw up our hands. We say there is not much we can do about it. Supply meets demand. And there is some truth to that, but it is not the whole story.

As I said, in recent years, the number of drug overdose deaths caused by synthetic opioids, including fentanyl, has skyrocketed, and so have the seizures of fentanyl at the border, virtually all made from precursors from Asia, primarily China, shipped to Mexico, manufactured there in an industrial operation which can make a fentanyl tablet look a lot like some other medication

that you might take. Many people--too many people--have died thinking they were taking a drug for some condition, only to find out it was laced with fentanyl, resulting in their drug overdose death.

The alarming increase in the supply coming across our border foreshadows even worse overdose statistics in the months to come.

Fentanyl isn't the only dangerous drug--methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin. According to the DEA--the Drug Enforcement Administration-- threat assessment, 92 percent of the heroin that comes to the United States comes from one place: Mexico. Ninety-two percent.

So when you zoom out and get a broader perspective and quit looking through a soda straw at what is happening at the border, you see it is not just an immigration issue. The drugs pouring across our border make this a public health crisis as well.

The criminals sneaking across our border who are distributing these drugs in our communities all across the country are a public security crisis, a public safety crisis. The unlicensed guns that the gangs use to protect their territory makes this a gun violence crisis as well.

Every single American should be outraged by what is happening at the border, but if you don't care about 2.2 million people showing up on our front doorstep, if you don't care about the 100,000 Americans who died of drug overdoses, do you care about the spikes in violence and crime in your neighborhood, in your local community? All of these are inextricably intertwined.

I don't care if you are a liberal Democrat or an Independent or a conservative Republican, this failure of the Federal Government to deal with our border crisis is absolutely appalling, and it hurts us all.

I have heard someone say that every city is a border town these days, and this makes that point. This state of chaos is dangerous for the migrants who turn themselves over to human smugglers who care nothing about them, only the money they can generate from smuggling them into the United States. I have seen the bleached bones of migrants left behind, injured or sick, because the coyotes, the smugglers, care nothing about them but just the money they can garner from smuggling them into the country, not to mention the girls and women who are sexually assaulted on the long trip from their home country into the United States.

It is unfair to the border communities I represent. We have 1,200 miles of common border, Mexico and Texas. My Governor, my State legislature, the people I represent are outraged that the Federal Government is not living up to its responsibilities. It is unfair to those communities, most of which are Hispanic majorities by large majorities, who are sympathetic to the desire of people for a better life, fleeing no jobs or violence, but they are having to pay the price now, not just with the flood of people coming across the border, for which the Federal Government is completely unprepared, they also have to deal with the opioid abuse and the criminal organizations that are flooding our communities with fentanyl, heroin, and other dangerous substances.

But it is not just the border. Cities all across this country are combating violent crime at numbers that we have not seen for decades. This is directly tied to the drug business at the border because the criminal gangs are the ones who distribute those drugs in our communities.

The status quo is deeply unfair to the dedicated men and women of law enforcement, including the Border Patrol, who put their lives on the line to secure our border and protect our communities.

Last week, Texas lost a 22-year-old soldier who was doing a job that the Federal Government should have done, but he was there at the southern border as part of a State National Guard effort called Operation Lone Star.

Texas Army National Guardsman SPC Bishop Evans was attempting to rescue two migrants who appeared to be drowning as they were crossing the river from Mexico. He disappeared into the treacherous waters of the Rio Grande and, tragically, did not survive. Making matters even worse, initial reports from law enforcement indicate that the two migrants whom Specialist Evans was trying to save are suspected of drug trafficking.

There are a million and one reasons why President Biden should want to address this border crisis, and it is absolutely inconceivable to me that his administration has done nothing to make this better, and I would argue that through some of the policies promulgated by Director Mayorkas, he has actually made it worse. He has made it more attractive for more people to come and attempt this dangerous journey from their home into the United States. He has made it easier, given the business model of the cartels, to get more of those drugs across the border and into our communities, contributing to the crimewave that is shocking so many people.

As we head into the summer months, which are traditionally the busiest times for border crossings, the Biden administration needs to do something. And let me just say, I am prepared--I know a lot of us are prepared on a bipartisan basis to do what we need to do to end this crisis. If the Biden administration doesn't want to lead in the effort, at least they could allow those of us here in the Congress to come up with ideas, like my bipartisan, bicameral Border Solutions Act, to try to address this crisis that we cannot tolerate any longer.

I yield the floor.

Vote on Compound Motion

Madam Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and pass the bill (H.R. 1447) to amend the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act of 2009 to establish an Ocean Acidification Advisory Board, to expand and improve the research on Ocean Acidification and Coastal Acidification, to establish and maintain a data archive system for Ocean Acidification data and Coastal Acidification data, and for other purposes, as amended.

Madam Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members may have 5 legislative days in which to revise and extend their remarks and include extraneous material on H.R. 1447, the bill now under consideration.

Madam Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

I rise today in support of the Coastal and Ocean Acidification Stressors and Threats, or COAST, Research Act, my bipartisan bill to help coastal communities adapt to the climate crisis by expanding scientific research, monitoring, and adaptation of ocean and coastal acidification.

I want to thank all of the staff on both sides of the aisle, from the committee and my personal staff, especially Maxine Sugarman, for all their work on this bill.

Every person on this planet benefits from a healthy ocean. The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the planet's surface. It supplies much of the oxygen that we breathe and regulates our climate. It is linked to the water we drink, and it is home to more than half of all life on the planet. The power of its waves generates clean energy. The ocean drives our economy, feeds, employs, and transports us. But despite our intrinsic connection, for too long the ocean has taken the heat for us.

According to the Fourth National Climate Assessment, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are now higher than at any time in the last 3 million years. Approximately one-third of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves into our ocean and estuaries, causing them to become more acidic.

Ocean and coastal acidification make it difficult for shellfish, coral, and other marine organisms to build their shells and skeletal structures. Some finfish, including endangered salmon in the Pacific Northwest, lose their sense of smell necessary for identifying prey, reproducing, and navigating their habitats. Our understanding of the long-term consequences of ocean acidification is still limited, but we do know that the changes in ocean chemistry are already affecting the fishers and shellfish farmers who depend on the ocean's resources to support themselves and their families and the Tribes that have treaty rights and deep cultural and historical connections to diminishing species.

The most effective strategy for mitigating ocean acidification is reducing anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide pollution worldwide. I have joined with colleagues on the Select Committee on the Climate Crisis in releasing a bold, comprehensive, and science-based Climate Action Plan to reach net-zero emissions no later than mid-century and net-negative thereafter. But there are also actions that we can take immediately to improve conditions, lessen exposure to ocean acidification, and manage local pollution and conditions that can exacerbate acidification.

This bill, which I introduced with my fellow co-chair of the House Oceans Caucus, Representative Young from Alaska, and with Representatives Pingree and Posey, would improve scientific research on ocean and coastal acidification in the context of other environmental stressors and direct Federal agencies to assess adaptation and mitigation strategies. Funding has lagged behind the needs of the scientific community for years, and this bill would provide a modest, but important, increase for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Science Foundation to scale up research efforts. Importantly, the bill also expands the definition of ocean acidification to include estuaries and recognize mechanisms that cause changes in coastal chemistry.

NOAA is already leading interdisciplinary efforts to expand our understanding of changing ocean conditions in its role as chair of the Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification. In fact, this year marks the 10th anniversary of the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program, and I hope my colleagues will join me in applauding their work to truly advance regionally coordinated scientific research.

A September 2015 Government Accountability Office report suggested that an independent national ocean acidification program could advance our understanding of changing ocean conditions. The COAST Research Act designates NOAA as the lead Federal agency responsible for implementing the Federal response to ocean and coastal acidification, further empowering the Ocean Acidification Program to scale up its efforts with its first reauthorization in more than a decade.

Additionally, the COAST Research Act increases our understanding of the socioeconomic effects of ocean and coastal acidification and, importantly, it engages stakeholders. The bill creates an advisory board of representatives of the shellfish and crab industry, finfish industry, seafood processors, recreational fishing, academia, nongovernmental organizations, State, local, and Tribal governments, and regional coastal acidification networks. The regionally balanced board will advise NOAA and the Interagency Working Group on coastal and ocean acidification research and monitoring activities. This collaborative process will help make sure that vulnerable and affected communities, industries, and coastal and ocean managers have the tools they need to adapt and mitigate the effects of coastal and ocean acidification.

For example, at Oregon State University, Dr. Burke Hales developed the ``Burke-o-Lator,'' a device the size of a piece of carry-on luggage, that can analyze when shellfish growers across the Pacific Northwest should grow larvae based on the ocean acidity and the effects on calcium carbonates needed for shell formation. Other research at Oregon State has demonstrated how growing particular seagrasses and kelps can help counteract ocean acidification. These examples help demonstrate what is possible when we invest in science and research to help coastal communities adapt to the climate crisis.

The COAST Research Act directs NOAA to maintain a system to process, store, archive, and provide access to data on ocean and coastal acidification from federally funded research, including existing global or national datasets, and research from State and local agencies, Tribes, academic scientists, citizen scientists, and industry organizations. These efforts will help provide for the long-term stewardship and standardization of ocean acidification data and better help communities adapt and mitigate the worst effects.

Madam Speaker, the health of our ocean reflects the health of our planet. Today, we have the opportunity to help it become more resilient by passing the bipartisan COAST Research Act.

I thank Chairwoman Johnson and Ranking Member Lucas and my co- sponsors for their leadership. I urge my colleagues to support the bill.

I reference letters from Earthjustice, Ocean Conservancy, Wild Salmon Center, Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association, Integrated Ocean Observing System Association, Surfrider Foundation, Oregon Coordinating Council on Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia, Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Oregon State University, Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems, and Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, in support of the COAST Research Act.

Madam Speaker, I include in the Record several of the above- referenced letters.

Oregon State University,

Corvallis, Oregon, 10 February 2021.

Re The Coastal and Ocean Acidification Stressors and Threats

(COAST) Research Act.

Hon. Suzanne Bonamici,

House of Representatives.

Washington, DC.

Dear Representative Bonamici: We write to offer Oregon

State University's support for The Coastal and Ocean

Acidification Stressors and Threats (COAST) Research Act.

As marine habitats face new and daunting pressures

threatening their sustainability, the COAST Research Act

identifies the growing need for strategic and robust

investments in ocean acidification (OA) research, monitoring

and stakeholder collaboration.

Oregon State University is committed to interdisciplinary

approaches to address the national and global challenges

facing our

oceans and coast communities. OSU has a deep history of

global leadership in oceanography and engages in nationally

ranked oceanographic monitoring programs and world-leading OA

research. Further, the university recognizes that Oregon's

estuaries and coastal regions are home to some of the world's

most productive ecosystems and economically vital shellfish

farms.

The university is encouraged that the COAST Research Act

expands the definition of OA to include coastal and estuarine

systems, and identifies OA as being affected by a combination

of factors, including hypoxia. The university believes that

by expanding federal definitions of OA and by increasing

funding opportunities, researchers and managers will be able

to best utilize resources to find solutions to address OA.

The university also is encouraged that this legislation

recognizes the need for federal engagement to continue

important investments to understand and address ocean and

coastal acidification. Doing so will enhance the integration

of OA research, monitoring and adaptation strategies across

principal federal research agencies, including the National

Science Foundation, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric

Administration, and the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration.

Oregon State University understands that effective and

collaborative partnerships and communication are essential

for our state and nation to find adaptive and mitigation

solutions to address OA. For example, the proposal to

establish an Ocean Acidification Advisory Board will be

essential for facilitating the important work still to be

done.

The world's ocean belongs to everyone, and ocean health is

critical to our future. In the coming decades, it will be

essential for the nation and its universities to work

collaboratively to improve and sustain the health of our

oceans. Doing so, we will assure human wellness,

environmental health and economic prosperity for future

generations.

In closing, Oregon State University believes that the COAST

Research Act proposes important new strategic tools to expand

understanding and address the problems facing our oceans and

coastal communities.

Sincerely,

Edward Feser, Ph.D.,

Provost and Executive Vice President.

Irem Tumer, Ph.D., ASME Fellow,

Vice President for Research.

Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

House of Representatives,

Committee on Natural Resources,

Washington, DC, April 19, 2021.

Hon. Eddie Bernice Johnson,

Chairwoman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,

House of Representatives, Washington, DC.

Dear Chairwoman Johnson: In recognition of the goal of

expediting consideration of H.R. 1447, the ``Coastal and

Ocean Acidification Stressors and Threats Research Act of

2021,'' the Committee on Natural Resources agrees to waive

formal consideration of the bill as to provisions that fall

within the Rule X jurisdiction of the Committee on Natural

Resources.

The Committee on Natural Resources takes this action with

the mutual understanding that, in doing so, we do not waive

any jurisdiction over the subject matter contained in this or

similar legislation, and that the Committee will be

appropriately consulted and involved as the bill or similar

legislation moves forward so that we may address any

remaining issues within our jurisdiction. Our Committee also

reserves the right to seek appointment of conferees to any

House-Senate conference involving this or similar

legislation.

Thank you for agreeing to include our exchange of letters

in the Congressional Record. I appreciate your cooperation

regarding this legislation and look forward to continuing to

work with you as this measure moves through the legislative

process.

Sincerely,

Raul M. Grijalva,

Chair,

House Natural Resources Committee.

Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as she may consume to the gentlewoman from Maine (Ms. Pingree), a cosponsor of the COAST Research Act.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

The basic chemistry of our ocean is changing at an unprecedented rate. We know that even if carbon dioxide emissions were halted today, many of the residual effects on our oceans will continue to occur over the course of the next few decades.

Without intervention, ocean acidification is projected to become more intense and increasingly common, especially on the Pacific Coast. We must support vulnerable communities, industries, coastal and ocean managers by strengthening research on how they can best prepare for and, when possible, adapt to ocean and coastal acidification.

By passing the bipartisan COAST Research Act, we are taking one important step forward in advancing ocean climate action.

I, again, thank Chairwoman Johnson; Ranking Member Lucas; and my co- leads on this bill, Representative Young, Pingree, and Posey for their support.

I know Mr. Young from Alaska talked about his salmon. We would compete with salmon in the Pacific Northwest. We also have the prize dungeness crab, and Ms. Pingree has her lobsters. It is so critical for these industries that we pass this bill and advance ocean climate action.

I, once again, urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to support this bipartisan bill.

Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. President, I come to the floor today to talk about the Biden border crisis. Right now, our Nation is facing a dangerous national security crisis at the border, and it is all because of the policies and the actions of President Joe Biden.

Now, there are a lot of crises that we are facing. There is the border crisis; the crisis of high gas prices; there is a crisis of inflation, which is at a 40-year high; and there is the crisis of the issue of international affairs with Vladimir Putin on NATO's doorstep having invaded Ukraine.

When you take a look at all of these, the two that I hear about most at home in Wyoming are that of inflation and that of illegal immigration. The thing that is really bringing this to the fore today and why I am coming to the floor to talk about Biden's border crisis is the announcement that on May 23, distressingly, the crisis is going to get a lot worse.

On May 23, the experts tell us, including people from this own administration, that the number of people illegally coming to this country could double or even triple overnight. Since Joe Biden took office, there have been millions and millions of illegal crossings from our southern border into the United States. The Border Patrol estimates that more than 700,000 illegal immigrants got away from them since Joe Biden has taken office. This includes 62,000 people just last month. It works out to about 2,000 illegal immigrants vanishing into the United States every single day. These are the ones who got away. These aren't the tens and tens of thousands who are coming through the process and being registered and released into the United States. Once they get in, most likely, they will never leave.

Under Joe Biden, we are breaking record after record, and these are the wrong kind of records to break. Last year, the number of illegal immigrants who came to the United States was the highest ever recorded. At the same time, America's immigration enforcement is the least amount ever. And to that point, the Biden administration seems to think everything is going just fine.

Yesterday, the Secretary of Homeland Security testified before Congress. I was on a conference call with him the day before, where he met with a number of the Members of the Republican leadership. What the Secretary said yesterday is this. He said:

We have effectively managed an unprecedented number of non-

citizens seeking to enter the United States.

``Effectively managed?''

To me, this is an early candidate for the fact checkers' ``lie of the year.'' They haven't effectively managed anything. The only thing they have effectively managed to do is erase the border completely.

The men and women on our Border Patrol are working around the clock. They are heroes, although they have been vilified by the President of the United States. This crisis is happening because Joe Biden's policies have tied the hands of the border agents. They are being both abused and disrespected by this President and this administration.

On Joe Biden's first day in office, he stopped all construction of the border wall. He ended the successful ``Remain in Mexico'' policy. In fact, just last week, his lawyers were pleading a case before the Supreme Court to eliminate a policy that protects the national security of our Nation.

Joe Biden is now ending title 42. People at home say: What exactly is this title 42? Well, it is a section of our laws that deal with public health. At the start of the pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control closed our border to people from coronavirus-impacted areas. So this title 42 decision by the administration likely, at that point, saved thousands of American lives; it protected our public health; it helped our Border Patrol bring down illegal immigration.

Last July, Joe Biden tried to end title 42. He said coronavirus was over; it was behind him. He was patting himself on the back for the great job he had done. And then the Delta variant hit the country like a sledgehammer. Joe Biden and the administration were caught by surprise. People looking for testing were running into long lines, empty shelves. He and the administration were caught completely off guard as has this administration on so many things--on the border; on the failure in Afghanistan; on inflation, which they said was going to be temporary and transitory, month after month after month.

The administration showed they have no core competence to run this Nation. By September of last year, the Biden administration was forced to admit that one in every five illegal immigrants coming to this country was bringing disease with them. That is tens of thousands of illegal immigrants bringing disease into a country each month.

But now Joe Biden wants to end title 42 forever and do it on May 23. If it ends, we are told and believe that this will cause a tidal wave of illegal immigration like this Nation has never seen before. Right now, Homeland Security is preparing for up to 18,000 illegal immigrants each and every day after title 42 ends. That is half a million people a month. That is a population equal to the entire population of the State of Wyoming. Mr. President, I assume the State of Maine--I don't know the exact population--but if you bring in half a million people a day, it doesn't take too many days to add up to the population of the State of Maine.

So what are Democrats saying about this? Well, Barack Obama's Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson, whom we met with regularly when he was in that position--he once said 1,000 a day would overwhelm the system. Joe Biden seems pretty happy with 18,000 a day. Right now, we are at 6,000 a day.

We have a system that is overwhelmed and it is going to get a lot, lot worse. Joe Biden could triple the number of illegal immigrants overnight to 18,000 a day come May 23.

Earlier this month, former Secretary Jeh Johnson, whom I alluded to earlier--this is what he said. He said the current crisis trends are unsustainable. He said it overwhelms communities in Texas and Arizona; it overwhelms the Border Patrol. This is Barack Obama's Secretary of Homeland Security saying that. I believe Secretary Jeh Johnson is right.

Recently, the head of the Del Rio, TX, Border Patrol union--and my colleague from Texas is on the floor here, the senior Senator--this head of the

Del Rio, TX, Border Patrol union spoke here on Capitol Hill. He said there are some days in Del Rio when officers are so busy with transportation and processing of these illegal immigrants that no one is patrolling the border, the southern border of the United States.

And I am certain that the senior Senator, the distinguished Senator from Texas--Senator Cornyn, who is on the floor--will address this issue after I get finished speaking because he sees this every weekend, as he is home in Texas and talks to people from Texas every day, the crisis that is hitting his home State and is hitting this entire Nation.

So this Del Rio sector covers an area of 240 miles of border. And the head of Del Rio, TX, Border Patrol told us no one is patrolling that section of the border because the personnel are too busy filling out paperwork and moving illegal immigrants from location to location.

In Yuma, AZ, up to 90 percent of Border Patrol agents are busy with transportation and caretaking duties. Ninety percent of their agents cannot spend their time guarding the border. As a result, large portions of the southern border in Arizona are wide open, which is why I believe the junior Senator from Arizona is so vehemently opposing the President of his own party for a reckless move by a President, who seems to disregard the importance of even having a border to our Nation.

Media reports show that 60,000 people right now are waiting at our southern border. They are counting down the days until title 42 is over. Some of them will bring in drugs, some will be human traffickers, some of them may even be on the Terror Watch List. If you are a foreign terrorist on the Terror Watch List, this is a dream come true if you are trying to get to America.

On May 23, we will face a humanitarian crisis, a public health crisis, and a national security crisis all in one greater--much greater than the one we are facing today and is already terrifying Americans in every State because with an open border, every State is a border State, every city is a sanctuary city, and people are subjected to the drugs and the crime that is coming with it and the deaths that are coming as well.

Now, many Democrats are asking and telling Joe Biden: Keep title 42 in place. Yet these same Democrats, they voted in lockstep with Chuck Schumer and Joe Biden the last 15 months. They understand today that Joe Biden's policy is unwise and very unpopular. But these are the same Democrats who came to the floor and voted to stop building the border wall; the same Democrats who in this very Chamber voted to give stimulus checks--send out checks to illegal immigrants when they voted last year. Not one of those Democrats joined us in supporting title 42 last summer.

Democrats can run for reelection, but they cannot run from their records. They voted for the Biden border agenda, and every Democrat shares the blame for this crisis.

What happens if the border doesn't stay at the border? No, it makes each one of us less safe. Border Patrol tells us they have caught, so far, 42 terrorists trying to cross the border since Joe Biden took office. How many got away? We are hearing the numbers getting away is 60,000 a month--getaways. How many of those are terrorists who are now living in our midst?

Federal narcotics agents say that the vast majority of illegal drugs in this country came here over our southern border. That is how they are getting in. Drug overdoses have never been higher than they are right now. One hundred thousand Americans died of drug overdoses last year. People are dying every day in every State because of drugs being brought in across the southern border by the lax border policies of Joe Biden and the Democrats.

If title 42 ends, it is going to mean more drugs, more crime, more death in all of our States. Even the Washington Post newspaper--their editorial board, that is not known for being conservative or lining up with conservatives--this is what they recently said:

A migrant surge is coming at the border--and Biden is not

ready.

All of America knows that. They know Biden is not ready. He is not ready to be President, not ready to run the economy, not ready to help with the military, not ready on any level, and at the border, the Washington Post points out he is not ready.

The article went on and said:

The predictable effect of lifting Title 42 is a new influx

of migrants . . . which would compound an existing surge at

the . . . border . . . for weeks or much longer.

The Washington Post points out and predicts:

Absent progress on [addressing the root causes], the Biden

administration . . . will surely face more chaos at the

border.

This is an administration of chaos. The Washington Post--that was my addition. They ended by saying ``more chaos at the border.'' I am adding ``an administration of chaos.''

Look, the Post is exactly right. This crisis is 100 percent preventable. It is a crisis of Joe Biden's choosing and Joe Biden's making. It is a crisis that is entirely the result of Democrats' reckless open border policies. We need to go back to policies that work.

I ask the President to keep title 42 in place. Listen to the Democrats who are talking to you in addition to us, Mr. President, who say keep title 42 in place.

And enforce the laws on the books, close the loopholes that encourage illegal immigration, finish the wall, bring back the ``Remain in Mexico'' policy; we know it works.

The American people in every State are pleading with Joe Biden. Only about one in three Americans support the President's policy at the border, two-thirds don't. Overwhelming numbers oppose what this President is doing to this country in terms of how he is affecting the economy, inflation, energy prices, and the border. This is a President with record low numbers on all of those areas, and it is all of his own doing and his own making. Mr. President, do not make this, your own border crisis, even worse.

I yield the floor.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

Mr. President, it has been a good week in the Senate because two important things happened. First, we finally confirmed every single U.S. attorney that had been blocked by Republicans, making the country safer. And today, the Senate is taking the next big step toward enacting major legislation to create jobs, bring back American manufacturing, strengthen supply chains, and unleash another generation of American innovation.

Later today, we will vote to enter into a conference committee with the House on the competition and innovation legislation, and we will work with the House to finalize this jobs competitiveness bill. We will also vote next Tuesday and Wednesday on 28 motions to instruct--8 from Democrats, 20 from Republicans.

There is still a lot of work to do before we send this competitive jobs bill to the President's desk. Not everyone is going to get what they want, but even so, this bill is going to be just what the doctor ordered to boost our economy, bring back manufacturing jobs, and lower costs for American families.

Let me say it again. Today, the Senate is moving forward on legislation that is awash with good news for American jobs, American families, American innovation. It is great news for American families who want to see lower costs on daily essentials. It is great news for workers who want to see good-paying manufacturing jobs brought back from overseas. It is great news for our businesses, especially our chip manufacturers that need help strengthening supply chains. And it is great news for our innovators, scientists, workers at universities, and creators who will help us create new technologies and generate the next wave of good-paying jobs in this century.

Now, we Democrats have bent over backward to get this bill done. We allowed a very long list of motions to instruct. In fact, it is the most votes on motions to instruct of any bill in decades. And it is a sign of both the immense good will we have shown to our Republican colleagues and the fact that many Members on both sides of the aisle have a stake in seeing the bill finalized.

Frankly, it shouldn't have taken us so long to get to this point of forming a conference on the USICA legislation, but, once again, it is good news that the bill is moving forward.

I thank my colleagues from both sides of the aisle who worked in good faith to help us reach this point. I give a particular shout-out to Chairman Cantwell, as well as Senator Young, my cosponsor on this legislation.

Confirmations and Nominations

Mr. President, as I also mentioned, we got more good news yesterday after the Senate confirmed every single U.S. attorney who had been blocked by a handful of Republican obstructionists.

It was about time that Republicans finally relented on their dangerous and indefensible blockade on Federal prosecutors. I don't think it has ever happened before. These U.S. attorneys are vital to keeping Americans safe. They are not political positions; they are entirely dedicated to preserving public safety and protecting our communities.

It was totally reckless for a very small band of Republicans, who claim to care about public safety, to have halted these Federal prosecutors for so long just to score political points.

Still, after months of unnecessary delay, Americans in Georgia and Michigan and Ohio and Nevada and

Minnesota and New Hampshire and other States can breathe a sigh of relief that the Republican blockade on Federal prosecutors has broken.

Now, there are many other very important and uncontroversial nominees who are still being blocked by a handful of Senate Republicans. Many of them deal with national security. Many of them would help our country find ways to lower costs. Republicans should drop their holds on these uncontroversial nominees at once or else we are going to have to keep Members here in the Chamber for late night and weekend sessions to get them through.

Finally, I want to say it was egregious for Republicans to similarly prevent the nomination of Lisa Cook to go through this week. Make no mistake, we are going to get her confirmed through the Senate as soon as we can.

Lisa Cook is a historic and highly qualified nominee. She will be the first Black woman ever to sit on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. Her family, literally, fought segregation growing up in rural Georgia. And despite personally facing immense discrimination, she is now professor of economics at Michigan State, a former adviser to President Obama's Council of Economic Advisers, and is on the Chicago Fed Board's academic advisory board.

A historic Federal Reserve nominee who accomplished as much as Lisa Cook deserves far, far better treatment than what Republicans have shown. But, nevertheless, the Senate will vote on her confirmation as soon as we can.

Federal Funding

Mr. President, on Ukraine and COVID, this morning, President Biden has sent Congress his request for $33 billion in emergency funding to support the Ukrainian people. This is a big but critically necessary package. I will make sure the Senate prioritizes this important funding package so we can get help to the Ukrainian people fast--ASAP.

It was also good to see the President call for legislation to get tough on Russian oligarchs. This must be done. I will ask the Senate to arm the Federal Government with the tools necessary to put further pressure on Russian oligarchs and Putin's cronies. I will expect we will include authorities that expand existing forfeiture laws to achieve that end.

We need to go after these crooked oligarchs who have gotten rich off Putin's regime. The war in Ukraine is on their hands, and the Federal Government should be fully empowered to make sure their moment of reckoning comes.

Two months into the war, Putin's hopes for a quick takeover of Ukraine have all but extinguished, thanks to the bravery of the Ukrainian people and in addition to the aid that the United States has provided in the forms of Javelins, Stingers, armed carriers, tanks, and so many other critical weapons.

This is a fight against democracy--this is a fight of democracy against authoritarianism.

So every penny we approve for Ukraine is money well spent. And the fight is far from over. We can't stop now. We must make sure that the Ukrainian people will continue to have the help they need for as long as they need it.

The Senate must also work in a bipartisan way to pass another round of time-sensitive COVID funding. On both Ukraine funding and COVID funding, Republican obstruction will not serve the American people.

The administration has made clear it needs more COVID money right now in order to secure the next round of vaccine doses, testing, and the new lifesaving therapeutics, which are so good that if you get a positive test and you take the therapeutic, the likelihood of getting any kind of COVID, particularly the more severe kind, is virtually--is minimal. These are amazing drugs. But what is happening? Since we don't have the money to purchase them, other countries are going to the companies--American companies, American innovation that has made them. And God forbid there is another variant. We may not have them--all because of delay and political games on the other side stopping the COVID legislation.

The administration has made clear they need this money right now, and, as I said, if we wait, other nations are going to beat us to the punch, and America might be left waiting for months before more supplies are made. This is a risk. It may be a few months away but very real. It is a risk that the American people simply can't afford.

Of course, there is a very simple way we can prevent another closure of schools and churches and businesses. Republicans should work with Democrats to pass another COVID funding bill ASAP. No political games. No poison pills. No dithering about.

In short, we must get both Ukrainian emergency relief and COVID funding relief done quickly.

Oil Companies

Mr. President, finally, on gas prices and the FTC, earlier this morning, I joined with Senator Cantwell, Speaker Pelosi, and Chairman Pallone to detail some of the ways Democrats are helping Americans ease the pain they are feeling at the pump. We are focused like a laser on developing and passing legislation to lower costs and improve Americans' daily lives.

Nowhere else are Americans feeling the hurt as viscerally and as repeatedly as they are when they fill up their tank at the gas station. We are thus working on legislation to fight bad actors who may be using COVID and Ukraine to jack up prices on consumers to pad their profits, and I intend to put that legislation on the floor.

Oil is basically an oligopoly. A few small companies dominate it. And that means supply and demand doesn't work. That means, for instance, that the biggest 25 energy giants in America reported a breathtaking $205 billion in profits in 2021. If there were real competition, they would fight to get the price lower to get some market share, but with very little competition, they just keep the price up, and the consumer is strangled. One executive even bragged to shareholders about the benefits of ``capturing value from high prices.''

What are the oil companies doing with all this cash? They are helping their CEOs and their biggest, wealthiest shareholders. The amount of buybacks is skyrocketing. Buybacks do no good. They don't help the worker. They don't help the consumer. They don't even produce more oil, for those who believe that is the way to go. They simply line the pockets of the CEOs and the biggest shareholders, and then they can go back and say: I got the stock price up--but not the way you are supposed to in capitalism by making your company sell more, be more productive, but, rather, by this horrible buyback, which has become endemic in corporate America and is very harmful to America. Yet we are seeing it in oil more than anywhere else right now.

So it is high time--we need somebody to look under the hood, see what the problem is, and give them the tools to fix it. That somebody is the FTC. It is high time for the FTC to roll up their sleeves and drill down on what is going on at the big oil companies.

Very soon, the Senate will confirm Alvaro Bedoya and return the FTC to full strength. But Congress needs to do more to beef up the FTC's ability to crack down on potential gas price manipulation and price gouging, so we will work on legislation to that end, among other proposals to lower gas prices.

Once again, as we reach the end of this week, let me say that I intend to put legislation that eases the pain of gas prices on the floor for a vote when it is ready.

I yield the floor.

Mr. President, I would note Maryland is in the House.

Unanimous Consent Agreement--H.R. 4521

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the motions to instruct at the desk, which may be made with respect to the message to accompany H.R. 4251, be printed in the Record for the information of the Senate.