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116th Congress (2019-2021) hub

116th Congress (2019-2021), in detail.

Every analytics panel scoped to the 116th Congress (2019-2021), plus comparisons against the 115th.

16,606
Bills introduced
344
Became law
1,674
Roll-call votes
550
Members

Productivity Index

116th Congress by the numbers: 16,606 bills introduced, 344 enacted, 1,674 roll-call votes.

16,606Bills introduced+22.4% vs. previous
344Became law-22.3% vs. previous
1,674Roll-call votes
2.1% of bills introduced this congress have become law.
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress
Section 1

Member Rankings

The named winners and losers — workhorses, mavericks, and bipartisan builders.

The Workhorse Index

Members ranked by primary-sponsored bills.

  1. 1Robert Menendez
    Robert Menendez
    D·NJSENATE
    179bills
  2. 2Edward J. Markey
    Edward J. Markey
    D·MASENATE
    150bills
  3. 3Jeff Merkley
    Jeff Merkley
    D·ORSENATE
    134bills
  4. 4Marco Rubio
    Marco Rubio
    R·FLSENATE
    130bills
  5. 5Cory A. Booker
    Cory A. Booker
    D·NJSENATE
    123bills
  1. 6Amy Klobuchar
    Amy Klobuchar
    D·MNSENATE
    118bills
  2. 7Robert P. Casey Jr.
    115bills
  3. 8Ron Wyden
    Ron Wyden
    D·ORSENATE
    109bills
  4. 9Richard J. Durbin
    108bills
  5. 10Richard Blumenthal
    101bills
Show all (10)
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Cosponsor Kings

Members who sign onto the most bills.

  1. 1Richard Blumenthal
    1,041cosponsorships
  2. 2Amy Klobuchar
    Amy Klobuchar
    D·MNSENATE
    833cosponsorships
  3. 3Chris Van Hollen
    Chris Van Hollen
    D·MDSENATE
    816cosponsorships
  4. 4Edward J. Markey
    Edward J. Markey
    D·MASENATE
    789cosponsorships
  5. 5Jeff Merkley
    Jeff Merkley
    D·ORSENATE
    776cosponsorships
  1. 6Cory A. Booker
    Cory A. Booker
    D·NJSENATE
    770cosponsorships
  2. 7Elizabeth Warren
    Elizabeth Warren
    D·MASENATE
    758cosponsorships
  3. 8Kirsten E. Gillibrand
    721cosponsorships
  4. 9Tina Smith
    Tina Smith
    D·MNSENATE
    713cosponsorships
  5. 10Kamala D. Harris
    Kamala D. Harris
    D·CASENATE
    696cosponsorships
Show all (10)
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

The Maverick Meter

Members who vote against their party's majority position most often.

  1. 1Mark Kelly
    Mark Kelly
    D·AZSENATE
    33%15 of 45
  2. 2Joe Manchin III
    Joe Manchin III
    D·WVSENATE
    26%185 of 703
  3. 3Edward J. Markey
    Edward J. Markey
    D·MASENATE
    26%165 of 638
  4. 4Kamala D. Harris
    Kamala D. Harris
    D·CASENATE
    24%78 of 320
  5. 5Kirsten E. Gillibrand
    24%147 of 606
  1. 6Kyrsten Sinema
    Kyrsten Sinema
    I·AZSENATE
    23%154 of 658
  2. 7Elizabeth Warren
    Elizabeth Warren
    D·MASENATE
    23%98 of 432
  3. 8Doug  Jones
    Doug Jones
    D·ALSENATE
    22%151 of 681
  4. 9Rand Paul
    Rand Paul
    R·KYSENATE
    21%134 of 650
  5. 10Jeff Merkley
    Jeff Merkley
    D·ORSENATE
    18%130 of 711
Show all (10)
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Bipartisan Builders

Cosponsorships of bills sponsored by the opposite party.

  1. 1Bernard Sanders
    Bernard Sanders
    I·VTSENATE
    523cross-party cosponsorships
  2. 2Angus S. King Jr.
    491cross-party cosponsorships
  3. 3Susan M. Collins
    Susan M. Collins
    R·MESENATE
    310cross-party cosponsorships
  4. 4Kyrsten Sinema
    Kyrsten Sinema
    D·AZSENATE
    285cross-party cosponsorships
  5. 5Doug  Jones
    Doug Jones
    D·ALSENATE
    243cross-party cosponsorships
  1. 6Margaret Wood Hassan
    241cross-party cosponsorships
  2. 7Richard Blumenthal
    224cross-party cosponsorships
  3. 8Elizabeth Warren
    Elizabeth Warren
    D·MASENATE
    220cross-party cosponsorships
  4. 9Christopher A. Coons
    216cross-party cosponsorships
  5. 10Jeanne Shaheen
    Jeanne Shaheen
    D·NHSENATE
    202cross-party cosponsorships
Show all (10)
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Freshman Power Rankings

First-term members of the 116th Congress, ranked by composite activity.

  1. 1Debra A. Haaland
    Debra A. Haaland
    D·NM-1HOUSE
    1,133composite score
  2. 2David J. Trone
    David J. Trone
    D·MD-6HOUSE
    1,045composite score
  3. 3Gilbert Ray Cisneros, Jr.
    979composite score
  4. 4Josh Harder
    Josh Harder
    D·CA-10HOUSE
    946composite score
  5. 5Joe Neguse
    Joe Neguse
    D·CO-2HOUSE
    941composite score
  1. 6Jahana Hayes
    Jahana Hayes
    D·CT-5HOUSE
    874composite score
  2. 7Jesús G. "Chuy" García
    834composite score
  3. 8Ilhan Omar
    Ilhan Omar
    D·MN-5HOUSE
    828composite score
  4. 9Jefferson Van Drew
    Jefferson Van Drew
    D·NJ-2HOUSE
    811composite score
  5. 10Cynthia Axne
    Cynthia Axne
    D·IA-3HOUSE
    802composite score
Show all (10)
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Closest Re-elections

Members whose last election was decided by the smallest margins.

  1. 1Rick Scott
    Rick Scott
    R·FLSENATE
    0.12pt margin
  2. 2Kyrsten Sinema
    Kyrsten Sinema
    D·AZSENATE
    2.34pt margin
  3. 3Mark Kelly
    Mark Kelly
    D·AZSENATE
    2.35pt margin
  4. 4Ted Cruz
    Ted Cruz
    R·TXSENATE
    2.57pt margin
  5. 5Joe Manchin III
    Joe Manchin III
    D·WVSENATE
    3.31pt margin
  1. 6Jon Tester
    Jon Tester
    D·MTSENATE
    3.55pt margin
  2. 7Jacky Rosen
    Jacky Rosen
    D·NVSENATE
    5.03pt margin
  3. 8Josh Hawley
    Josh Hawley
    R·MOSENATE
    5.81pt margin
  4. 9Mike Braun
    Mike Braun
    R·INSENATE
    5.89pt margin
  5. 10Debbie Stabenow
    Debbie Stabenow
    D·MISENATE
    6.51pt margin
Show all (10)
116th Congress

Attendance Hall of Fame & Hall of Shame

Who showed up — and who didn't.

Hall of Fame · best 5

  1. 1Mark Kelly
    Mark Kelly
    D·AZSENATE
    100.0%45 of 45
  2. 2Andy Kim
    Andy Kim
    D·NJSENATE
    99.9%954 of 955
  3. 3Mitch McConnell
    Mitch McConnell
    R·KYSENATE
    99.9%720 of 721
  4. 4John Boozman
    John Boozman
    R·ARSENATE
    99.9%720 of 721
  5. 5Susan M. Collins
    Susan M. Collins
    R·MESENATE
    99.9%720 of 721
  1. 6James Lankford
    James Lankford
    R·OKSENATE
    99.9%720 of 721
  2. 7John Barrasso
    John Barrasso
    R·WYSENATE
    99.9%720 of 721
  3. 8Elissa Slotkin
    Elissa Slotkin
    D·MISENATE
    99.8%954 of 956
  4. 9Roger F. Wicker
    Roger F. Wicker
    R·MSSENATE
    99.7%720 of 722
  5. 10Charles E. Schumer
    99.6%720 of 723
Show all (10)

Hall of Shame · worst 5

  1. 1Bernard Sanders
    Bernard Sanders
    I·VTSENATE
    63.4%415 of 1135 missed
  2. 2Kamala D. Harris
    Kamala D. Harris
    D·CASENATE
    64.3%399 of 1119 missed
  3. 3Cory A. Booker
    Cory A. Booker
    D·NJSENATE
    71.0%294 of 1014 missed
  4. 4Elizabeth Warren
    Elizabeth Warren
    D·MASENATE
    71.5%287 of 1007 missed
  5. 5Johnny Isakson
    Johnny Isakson
    R·GASENATE
    75.0%143 of 571 missed
  1. 6Amy Klobuchar
    Amy Klobuchar
    D·MNSENATE
    77.3%212 of 932 missed
  2. 7Lamar Alexander
    Lamar Alexander
    R·TNSENATE
    84.3%134 of 854 missed
  3. 8Kelly   Loeffler
    Kelly Loeffler
    R·GASENATE
    84.4%54 of 346 missed
  4. 9Michael F. Bennet
    84.4%133 of 853 missed
  5. 10Markwayne Mullin
    Markwayne Mullin
    R·OKSENATE
    85.1%167 of 1121 missed
Show all (10)
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress
Section 2

Bills Pulse

What Congress is working on, what makes it through, and what dies on the way.

The Mortality Funnel

Only 2.1% of bills introduced in the 116th Congress have become law (344 of 16,606).

Introduced
16,606
Saw action
16,606100%
Passed a chamber
1,80411%
Passed both chambers
1,05859%
Became law
34433%
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Time to Pass

Median time from introduction to enactment: 300 days.

< 30 days
38
30–90 days
35
90–180 days
36
180–365 days
96
1–2 years
138
2+ years
1
Range: 0 – 741 days · 344 enacted bills
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Policy Area Treemap

16,606 bills across 33 policy areas.

Bills by policy area in 116th Congress (2019-2021)
Health2,109Armed Forces and National…1,337Government Operations and…1,258International Affairs1,178Taxation1,156Crime and Law Enforcement905Education798Transportation and Public…671Public Lands and Natural …648Finance and Financial Sec…612
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Most Active Bills (last 30 days)

The bills Congress keeps coming back to.

  • H.R. 3545

    NO HATE Act

    111
    velocity
  • H.R. 8986

    To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 120 4th Street in Petaluma, California, as the "Lynn C. Woolsey Post Office Building".

    78
    velocity
  • H.R. 1730

    Cancer Drug Parity Act of 2019

    51
    velocity
  • H.Res. 1256

    Supporting President Trump's efforts to ensure that every legal vote is counted in the November 2020 Presidential election and to investigate and bring to justice those who perpetrate election fraud.

    46.5
    velocity
  • H.R. 8662

    Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Act

    40.5
    velocity
  • S. 5065

    Economic Justice Act

    39.5
    velocity
  • S.Res. 804

    A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that the United States should initiate negotiations to enter into a free trade agreement with Taiwan.

    39.5
    velocity
  • H.Res. 1261

    Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives on addressing the reckless and unsustainable national debt while committing necessary resources to the COVID-19 pandemic.

    36
    velocity
  • S. 2080

    Palliative Care and Hospice Education and Training Act

    31.5
    velocity
  • H.Res. 1265

    Expressing support for designation of the week of December 6, 2021, through December 12, 2021, as National United States Miners Week.

    30
    velocity
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Most Cosponsored Bills

Which bills built the biggest coalitions.

  • H.R. 1948

    Lymphedema Treatment Act of 2019

    386
    cosponsors
  • H.Res. 1110

    Supporting the announcements of the establishment of full diplomatic relations between the State of Israel and the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel and the Kingdom of Bahrain, and for other purposes.

    383
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 553

    Military Surviving Spouses Equity Act

    383
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 748

    CARES Act

    369
    cosponsors
  • H.Res. 246

    Opposing efforts to delegitimize the State of Israel and the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel.

    351
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 1175

    Craft Beverage Modernization and Tax Reform Act of 2019

    350
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 1570

    Removing Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening Act of 2020

    344
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 299

    Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans Act of 2019

    333
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 1327

    Never Forget the Heroes: James Zadroga, Ray Pfeifer, and Luis Alvarez Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act

    332
    cosponsors
  • H.R. 1225

    Restore Our Parks and Public Lands Act

    329
    cosponsors
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Bipartisan Magnet Bills

Bills with the most balanced D/R cosponsorship.

  • 1
    H.R. 5957

    K2 Veterans Toxic Exposure Accountability Act of 2020

    D39
    R39
    100
    balance
  • 2
    H.R. 3497

    JOBS Act of 2019

    D37
    R37
    100
    balance
  • 3
    H.R. 3073

    TICK Act

    D30
    R30
    100
    balance
  • 4
    S.Res. 620

    A resolution designating June 19, 2020, as "Juneteenth Independence Day" in recognition of June 19, 1865, the date on which news of the end of slavery reached the slaves in the Southwestern States.

    D28
    R28
    100
    balance
  • 5
    H.R. 2258

    Promotion and Expansion of Private Employee Ownership Act of 2019

    D26
    R26
    100
    balance
  • 6
    S. 2754

    American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2019

    D16
    R16
    100
    balance
  • 7
    H.R. 3942

    Preventing Online Sales of E-Cigarettes to Children Act

    D16
    R16
    100
    balance
  • 8
    H.R. 1997

    Veterans Posttraumatic Growth Act

    D16
    R16
    100
    balance
  • 9
    S.Res. 168

    A resolution designating April 2019 as "Financial Literacy Month".

    D16
    R16
    100
    balance
  • 10
    H.R. 1671

    NICS Denial Notification Act of 2019

    D15
    R15
    100
    balance
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Chamber Composition

Every member who served at any point during the 116th Congress.

house448
house party composition
  • Democrat241
  • Independent1
  • Republican206
senate102
senate party composition
  • Democrat46
  • Independent2
  • Republican54
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress
Section 3

Votes & Polarization

Roll-call patterns, partisan fault lines, and the moments Congress was nearly tied.

Closest Votes

Roll-call votes decided by the smallest margins.

  • 1

    On the Motion (Motion to Open the Doors)

    senate·S. 4675·Oct 23, 2020
    0
    vote margin
  • 2

    On the Motion to Table S.Amdt. 2673 to S.Amdt. 2652 to S. 178 (UIGHUR Act of 2019)

    senate·Sep 30, 2020
    0
    vote margin
    Yea 47
    47 Nay
  • 3

    On the Amendment S.Amdt. 1577 to S.Amdt. 1578 to H.R. 748 (Middle Class Health Benefits Tax Repeal Act of 2019)

    senate·Mar 25, 2020
    0
    vote margin
    Yea 48
    48 Nay
  • 4

    On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed H.R. 748

    senate·H.R. 748·Mar 22, 2020
    0
    vote margin
    Yea 47
    47 Nay
  • 5

    Call of the House

    house·Jan 7, 2020
    0
    vote margin
  • 6

    Call by States

    house·Jan 3, 2019
    0
    vote margin
  • 7

    Election of the Speaker

    house·Jan 3, 2019
    0
    vote margin
  • 8

    On the Nomination PN2029

    senate·Dec 21, 2020
    1
    vote margin
    Yea 48
    47 Nay
  • 9

    On the Nomination PN2247

    senate·Dec 16, 2020
    1
    vote margin
    Yea 48
    47 Nay
  • 10

    On the Cloture Motion PN2247

    senate·Dec 15, 2020
    1
    vote margin
    Yea 48
    47 Nay
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Committee Power Index

Committees ranked by bills referred and bills enacted.

Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Vote Type Breakdown

1,674 roll-call votes by category.

Votes by type in 116th Congress (2019-2021)
confirmation515procedural511amendment407passage127cloture48other34journal14veto_override8adjournment5impeachment2
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

VP Tie-Breakers

Times the Vice President cast the deciding vote in the Senate.

0
Tie-breaker votes
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress

Vote Activity Calendar

1,674 roll-call votes over 292 days.

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan
SunTueThuSat
Source: Congress.gov116th Congress
Section 4

Find your Vote Twin

The headline interactive — answer 10 real votes, find the member who voted most like you.

Find your Vote Twin

Pick topics, answer 10 real votes, and we'll show you the member of Congress who voted most like you.

Section 5

vs. Previous Congress

116th vs. 115th Congress

Side-by-side, with directional change.

Bills introduced
16,606
vs.
13,563
+22.4%
Became law
344
vs.
443
-22.3%
Roll-call votes
1,674
vs.
1,809
-7.5%