North Fork Watershed Protection Act of 2010

Mr. President, I rise to introduce legislation to create a Health Insurance Rate Authority and rate review process to protect American consumers from unfair health insurance rate increases.

This legislation is based on an amendment I filed during the health reform debate. While it was not included in the reform legislation that passed the Senate, I strongly believe consumers need additional protections from insurance company abuses now.

I am pleased that President Obama has included it in his health reform proposal, and I look forward to continuing to work with the administration to see that this bill becomes law.

This bill ensures that all American consumers are protected by a rate review process, not just those in states with aggressive laws.

This legislation requires companies to submit justifications for unreasonable increases in premiums, using a process that will be established by the Secretary, in conjunction with States.

The bill gives the Secretary of HHS authority to deny or modify premium increases or other rate increases, like deductibles, that are found to be unjustified. State Insurance Commissioners will retain this power in states in which they have sufficient authority and capability.

To help the Secretary with this process, the legislation establishes a Health Insurance Rate Authority as an advisory body for all the Secretary's rate review responsibilities.

Health insurance companies continue to demonstrate their willingness to slap consumers with astronomical increases in their health insurance rates.

Anthem Blue Cross has notified thousands of Californians that they will face rate increases of as much as 39 percent. Meanwhile, WellPoint, the corporate parent of Anthem Blue Cross, earned a $4.7 billion profit in 2009.

I find this unbelievable. Imagine the typical family, or individual, trying to find the money to pay 39 percent more for health care coverage. Especially during these difficult economic times, with so much uncertainty. Meanwhile, the health insurance company is doing better than ever.

I would like to share a few of the letters and comments I have received from Californians that vividly describe what these increases mean to them.

Arthur Hirsch, 63, and his wife Eileen have had Blue Cross for 30 years. They live in Laguna Beach and own a small business. They recently received notice that their monthly premiums would increase from $787 per month to $1,035 per month. Arthur said he was told that he could raise his annual deductible to $5,000 or higher to keep the premium increases down. But he said he fears he is stuck with the policy. He said: ``I can't leave my assets and my family uncovered. If something happens . . . well that's what insurance is about.''

A Monterey, CA couple recently found out their premiums with Anthem

Blue Cross will increase 36 percent--from $734 a month to $998 a month. They own an antique print business. The economy has hurt sales--their 2008 gross household income was $42,000, and they don't expect their income will increase much in 2009 or 2010. More than 25 percent of their household income goes toward premiums--far more than their mortgage. They are wondering if they should go into debt, use the equity in their home or withdraw money from their retirement accounts to pay for the rate hikes. Because of pre-existing conditions, the woman is a breast cancer survivor, they don't believe they can get a more affordable policy elsewhere.

A family of four from Pacific Palisades, California, has a $5,000 per person deductible. They pay $917 per month premiums for the family-- $11,000 per year. Their insurance plus out of pocket expenses were more than 25 percent of the family's gross income for each of the past 2 years and no member of the family ever satisfied the deductible. They just received notice that their premium will go up 38 percent, to $1,263 per month. Anthem offered this family another deal: increase premium payments just 10 percent to $1,011 a month if the family agrees to an increased deductible of $7,500 per person. The father in the family hasn't had a checkup in 6 years. He's 56 years old.

This is not how our system should function.

In some States, insurance commissioners have the authority to review health insurance rates and increases, and block the rates that are found to be unjustified. According to a 2008 Families USA report, 33 States have some form of a prior approval process for premium increases.

The same report describes several notable successes among states that use this process, including: Regulators in North Dakota were able to reduce 37 percent of the proposed rate increases filed by insurers.

Maryland used their State laws to block a 46 percent premium increase after a company charged artificially low rates for 2 years. The decision was upheld in court.

New Hampshire regulators were able to reduce a proposed 100 percent rate increase to 12.5 percent.

But in other States, including California, insurance commissioners do not have this ability. Instead, my State's insurance commissioner has had to ask Anthem/Blue Cross to delay its proposed increase in premiums. He has no authority to order this delay.

Some States have laws like this on the books, but do not have sufficient resources to review all the rate changes that insurance companies propose.

Consumers deserve full protection from unfair rate increases, no matter where they live.

This legislation ensures that all Americans have some level of basic protection. The bill is based in part on a provision included in the Senate's version of health reform legislation, which required insurance companies to submit justifications and explain increases in premiums. They must submit these justifications to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and they must make these justifications available on their website.

The bill asks the National Association of Insurance Commissioners to produce a report, detailing the rate review laws and capabilities in all 50 States. The Secretary of HHS will then use these findings to determine which States have the authority and capability to undertake sufficient rate reviews to protect consumers.

In States where Insurance Commissioners have authority to review rates, they will continue to do so.

In States without sufficient authority or resources, the Secretary of HHS will review rates, and take any appropriate action to deny unfair requests.

This could mean blocking unjustified rate increases, or requiring rebates, if an unfair increase is already in effect.

This will provide all American consumers with another layer of protection from an unfair premium increase.

The amendment would also require the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish a Health Insurance Rate Authority as part of the process in the bill that enables her to monitor premium costs.

The Rate Authority would advise the Secretary on insurance rate review and would be composed of seven officials that represent the full scope of the health care system including: at least two consumers; at least one medical professional; and one representative of the medical insurance industry.

The remaining members would be experts in health economics, actuarial science, or other sectors of the health care system.

The Rate Authority will also issue an annual report, providing American consumers with basic information about how insurance companies are behaving in the market. It will examine premium increases by State, as well as medical loss ratios, reserves and solvency of companies, and other relevant behaviors.

This data will give consumers better information, enabling them to make better choices and avoid purchasing plans from companies that do not provide them the best value for their dollar.

This concern about premium increases stems from the fact that we are the only industrialized nation that relies heavily on a for-profit medical insurance industry to provide basic health care. I believe, fundamentally, that all medical insurance should be not for profit.

The industry is focused on profits, not patients. It is heavily concentrated, leaving consumers with few alternatives when their premiums do increase.

As of 2007, just two carriers--WellPoint and UnitedHealth Group--had gained control of 36 percent of the national market for commercial health insurance.

Since 1998, there have been more than 400 mergers of health insurance companies, as larger carriers have purchased, absorbed, and enveloped smaller competitors.

In 2004 and 2005 alone, this industry had 28 mergers, valued at more than $53 billion. That is more merger activity in health insurance than in the 8 previous years combined.

Today, according to a study by the American Medical Association, more than 94 percent of American health insurance markets are highly concentrated, as characterized by U.S. Department of Justice guidelines. This means these companies could raise premiums or reduce benefits with little fear that consumers will end their contracts and move to a more competitive carrier.

In my State of California just two companies, WellPoint and Kaiser Permanente, control more than 58 percent of the market. In Los Angeles, the top two carriers controlled 62 percent of the market as of 2008.

Record levels of market concentration have helped generate a record level of profit increases.

Between 2000 and 2007, profits at 10 of the largest publicly-traded health insurance companies soared 428 percent--from $2.4 billion in 2000 to $12.9 billion in 2007.

The CEOs at these companies took in record earnings. In 2007, these 10 CEOs made a combined $118.6 million.

The CEO of CIGNA took home $25.8 million.

The CEO of Aetna took home $23 million.

The CEO of UnitedHealth took home $13.2 million and the CEO of WellPoint took home $9.1 million.

Even last year, a time of enormous economic distress for average Americans, was a good year for the health insurance industry. According to Health Care for America Now!, the 5 largest health insurers-- WellPoint, United Health, Humana, Cigna, Aetna--saw profits increase 56 percent from 2008 to 2009, from $7.7 billion to $12.1 billion. Only Aetna saw their profits decrease.

Yet we see insurance companies like Anthem/Blue Cross, owned by Well Point, increasing consumer premiums.

Frankly, I would go further than this legislation if I could: I believe the health insurance industry should be non-profit. There is no reason that any company or shareholder should make a penny off of basic health care coverage for our citizens.

But we do have a system that heavily relies on for-profit insurance companies. Regardless of the outcome of the broader debate on health care reform, that is unlikely to change.

So this bill becomes very necessary. Premiums are increasing every day, and people in many states have no recourse, and no way to know if a particular increase is unfair.

This cannot continue. I urge my colleagues to join me in supporting this legislation.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be printed in the Record.

Mr. President, I have sought recognition today to introduce the Unfair Foreign Competition Act of 2010. This legislation provides a private right of action for domestic manufacturers injured by illegal subsidization and dumping of foreign products into U.S. markets. These anticompetitive, predatory trade practices steal jobs from our workers, profits from our companies, and growth from our economy.

Job creation and job retention in this country depend in large part on our ability to enforce existing trade laws. At a time when unemployment remains at nearly 10 percent and our economic future is at stake, it becomes even more important that we focus on trade priorities which too long have been sacrificed for foreign policy and defense interests.

The latest trade numbers demonstrate that the U.S. trade deficit with China in November 2009 was $20.2 billion. Over the years, imports from China have exceeded our imports by a staggering $208.6 billion. This is not evidence that American manufacturers cannot produce goods efficiently or compete with foreign markets; rather, it is evidence of unlawful behavior on the part of China. Such behavior is tantamount to international banditry, and it must not be tolerated.

In the current environment, I believe it is necessary for an injured industry to have an opportunity to go into Federal court and seek enforcement of our country's trade laws.

My legislation addresses two specific types of illegal trade practices: dumping, which occurs when a foreign producer sells a product in the United States at a price that is below the producer's sales price in its home market or at a price which is lower than its cost of production, and subsidizing, which occurs when a foreign government provides financial assistance to benefit the production, manufacture, or exportation of a good.

Under current law, the International Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce conduct antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and 5-year reviews under title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930. U.S. industries may petition the ITC and Commerce for relief from dumped and subsidized imports. If Commerce finds that an imported product is dumped or subsidized and the ITC finds that the petitioning industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury, an antidumping duty order or countervailing duty order will be imposed to offset the dumping or subsidies.

Because current administrative remedies have not been consistently and effectively enforced, I am introducing private right of action legislation to enforce the law. My legislation would allow petitioners to choose between the ITC and their local U.S. district court for the injury determination phase of their investigation. Doing so gives injured domestic producers the opportunity as private plaintiffs to control the litigation in seeking enforcement of our trade laws. If injury is found, U.S. Customs and Border Protection would then assess duties on future importation of the article in question. The legal standard for determining dumping margins, established by the Commerce Department, would remain unchanged.

This legislation is similar to legislation I have introduced as far back as 1982 when I originally sought injunctive relief. But this bill has been modified to comply with World Trade Organization rules.

In December 2004, the United States took action to comply with WTO rulings on the Antidumping Act of 1916 which provided a private cause of action and criminal penalties for dumping by prospectively repealing the act. The United States also took action in February 2006 to comply with WTO rulings on the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act which requires the distribution of collected antidumping and countervailing duties to petitioners and interested parties in the underlying trade proceedings. In both cases, the WTO panel found that U.S. law allowed an impermissible specific action against dumping and subsidization.

The legislation I introduce today has been adapted to these changes in law and allows for a determination of injury in accordance with our international obligations. Aggressive policy measures, such as this legislation, are necessary to prevent foreign producers--China in particular--from causing a major crisis for our domestic producers.

In testimony before the ITC earlier this year, I noted that we have a complicated relationship with China. I was one of 15 Senators who opposed China's entrance into the WTO in 2000. With China's economy still widely under state direction and characterized by dubious trade practices, I believed Chinese membership in the WTO would present a likelihood of trade distortion and market disruption. And that is why I voted against it in 2000.

Congress heeded some of the concerns which I and others expressed and inserted a China-specific safeguard provision under section 421 of the Trade Act. But such a safeguard is only as effective as the President's willingness to enforce it. Seven petitions have been filed under section 421 since its inception. Of these, the ITC has made an affirmative determination of injury in five cases. Yet only one determination, handed down in the most recent Chinese tires case, has been upheld by the President. Despite overwhelming evidence to support the ITC's findings of

injury, President Bush rejected all four previous petitions for relief on the ground that providing import relief was not in the economic interest of the United States. Since President Bush's decision, countless jobs in my State and across the country have been lost and the trade deficit has widened. It is difficult to understand how providing import relief was not in our economic interest.

President Obama's decision to uphold the ITC rulings in the Chinese tires case last year is a step in the right direction, but much more needs to be done to ensure that domestic industries enjoy the protection afforded to them by existing trade laws.

While it is my hope that this administration and future administrations will evaluate trade remedies objectively in terms of economic consequences, this act will provide a valuable tool for the domestic industry. I ask my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to join me in supporting this legislation.

The enforcement of trade laws should not be a partisan issue. To those who decry our enforcement mechanisms as unabashedly protectionist, let me be clear. I believe in free trade. International trade and open markets are crucial to the economic prosperity of this country. But the essence of free trade is selling goods at a price equal to the cost of production and a reasonable profit. When one country engages in dumping or subsidization at the expense of other countries, it is the antithesis of free trade.

Let me remind those who criticize our domestic safeguards that President Ronald Reagan, a staunch advocate of open markets, signed into law agreements limiting the imports of autos and steel and pushed for the Plaza Accord in 1985 which raised the value of the yen and made Japanese imports more expensive. President Reagan understood that free trade did not mean wholly unfettered, unregulated trade. Free trade does not mean turning a blind eye to illegal and unsavory practices committed by our trading partners.

I have argued that enforcement of our trade laws is critical to ensuring that our domestic manufacturers have a fair opportunity of competing with foreign producers. But even the most stringent enforcement will be insufficient to fully counter the effects of substandard labor, trade, and environmental practices, particularly those practiced by China. The safeguard measures the United States negotiated in advance of China's entry into the WTO were designed to limit the destructive effects of surging Chinese imports on domestic producers. As a result, China's succession to the WTO accelerated a ``race to the bottom'' in wages and environmental quality.

Given these factors, in addition to China's mixed record on providing market access to the United States and its failure to provide protection of U.S. intellectual property rights, I urge that the Congress reexamine our trade agreement the United States signed with China and, if necessary, seek to withdraw permanent normal trade relations status from China. Such a withdrawal would be a serious measure, but we must be willing to demonstrate that we are serious about holding China to its international commitments.

When the United States granted most-favored-nation status to China in 2000, we lost our ability to demand that China play by the rules. We may have to regain this leverage if we are to maintain an equitable trading relationship with China and keep our domestic industry strong.

As President Obama recently noted in his remarks at the Senate Democratic Conference, the United States is home to some of the most innovative, skilled, and efficient workers in the world. But advances in efficiency and innovation by our producers cannot make up for the unfair advantage held by countries that engage in illegal trade practices. Our industries can compete if the playing field is level, but if foreign exporters are not held accountable, and can freely undercut American producers with dumped goods and government subsidies, this country's economic future will be at risk. We must take a stand and we must do it now.

Mr. President, I rise today with Senator Merkley, Senator Tester, Senator Crapo, and others to introduce the Columbia River Basin Restoration Act of 2010. The bill authorizes much needed funds to implement toxics reduction projects throughout the basin, and it authorizes next steps in our longstanding effort to protect and preserve the transboundary Flathead Basin. The Columbia River Basin is one of the great water basins along our border with Canada that binds our two nations together. The river spans about 1,200 miles and travels through 14 dams from Columbia Lake, British Columbia all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Several of the major subasins of the Columbia are located in Montana, including the Kootenai, the Flathead, the Clark Fork, the Blackfoot, and the Bitterroot. Toxics contamination is a problem in several of these subasins, and I am very pleased to be a cosponsor of the Columbia River Basin Restoration Act of 2010, which will authorize much needed resources to address toxics contamination.

The Columbia River Basin Restoration Act of 2010 also includes the Transboundary Flathead Basin Protection Act of 2010. This part of the bill addresses the unique needs of one of the areas that I love about Montana. Everyone who experiences the North Fork of the Flathead in northwestern Montana is awed by its pristine waters, larger-than-life landscapes, and breathtaking views. With its headwaters in British Columbia, the North Fork of the Flathead River forms the western boundary of Glacier National Park--it is one of the last untouched places on our continent.

For decades, the North Fork has been threatened by oil and gas and mining proposals in British Columbia. For the last 35 years, I have battled these proposals, one by one. After 35 years of work, we are beginning a new chapter of international cooperation in our efforts to protect the North Fork.

In February of this year, British Columbia and Montana announced their intent to prevent mining, oil and gas, and coalbed methane development in the North Fork on the lands they control. This memorandum of understanding was a great foundation for additional efforts to establish protections that are permanent. Since 90 percent of the North Fork watershed is Federally-owned, Federal action is needed on the southern side of the U.S.-Canadian border.

So, on March 4, Senator Tester and I introduced the North Fork Watershed Protection Act, S. 3075, which bans future mining, oil and gas, and coalbed methane development on Federal lands in the watershed. The bill enjoys support from business and conservation interests alike from all over the State, including the Kalispell Chamber, Whitefish Mountain Resort, the Billings Rod and Gun Club, and a long list of others. This breadth of support shows the importance of the North Fork for Montana's economy as well as our State's outdoor heritage.

There are some current leases in the area that have been dormant since the late 1980s, when a court decision found that they were improperly issued. Senator Tester and I have been engaged in active discussions with the current owners to retire these old leases. On April 28, I was proud to announce that ConocoPhillips, the primary leaseholder in the North Fork watershed, elected to voluntarily relinquish its interest in 108 Federal oil and gas leases covering approximately 169,000 acres, representing 71 percent of the leased area in the North Fork watershed. On June 2, we announced that Chevron decided to voluntarily relinquish its interest in 11,000 acres of leases in the Flathead watershed. To date, we have managed to retire the primary interest in 180,000 acres in the North Fork watershed, free of charge to the American taxpayer.

These actions are further evidence of the consensus that exists between the United States and Canada and among businesses and conservationists, that the withdrawal of these Federal lands from leasing is the only path forward.

The transboundary Flathead section of the Columbia River Restoration Act of 2010 authorizes the next phase of our efforts to protect the Flathead. Just yesterday, the White House issued a statement that during the G20 meeting in Toronto, President Obama and Prime Minister Harper discussed the transboundary Flathead, recognizing the memorandum of understanding between British Columbia and Montana and exploring ways that the two governments can cooperate to ensure sustained protection of the North Fork. Senator Tester and I asked the President to discuss this issue with the Prime Minister on June 9th, and we are very pleased that the two made this a priority in light of the agenda at the G20. This commitment from the highest levels of government sets the stage for four-party talks between the United States, Canada, British Columbia, and Montana to establish permanent protections.

The Columbia River Basin Restoration Act of 2010 takes three key steps to move things forward in the Flathead. Before I walk through those, it is important to recognize that this is an authorization bill. It authorizes specific actions by the Federal Government and authorizes appropriations in support of those actions. It is important to remember that Congress works in a two-step process--first the authorization, then, once signed into law, appropriations follow.

The bill authorizes the President to take steps to preserve and protect the transboundary Flathead River Basin. It is clear that the President has authority under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, the Clean Water Act, and other statutes to take steps to prevent water pollution and protect wildlife in the transboundary Flathead. This section requires that the President act to meet these goals and provides explicit authority for the President to negotiate with Canada to ensure permanent protection for the North Fork and Glacier-Waterton National Park.

The bill authorizes the President, acting through appropriate agencies, to participate in cross-border collaborations and environmental assessments with Canada. Federal agency participation in such assessments is anticipated in the MOU between British Columbia and Montana, and our bill provides the authority for this to occur. Finally, the bill authorizes grants for baseline environmental studies, analysis of environmental impacts of any proposed projects, implementation of transboundary cooperative efforts, and other projects to protect and preserve the transboundary Flathead River Basin.

Funds for these and other purposes in the Columbia River Restoration Act of 2010 would be provided through the appropriations process, once this bill is signed into law.

Mr. President, I want to reflect for a moment on how far we have come in Montana in efforts to protect the North Fork. In 1975, during my very first term in the House of Representatives, I introduced a bill to designate the Flathead River as a Wild and Scenic River. It was designated a Wild and Scenic River in 1976.

For me, that began a lifelong effort to protect the North Fork. At that time I said:

A hundred years from now, and perhaps much sooner, those

who follow us will survey what we have left behind.

The retirement of current oil and gas leases in the Flathead, the Energy Committee's very positive hearing on April 28 on S. 3075, the North Fork Watershed Protection Act 2010, President Obama's action yesterday with Prime Minister Harper, our introducing of this bipartisan legislation today and its eventual passage are all steps in a decades-long process to protect this gem of the continent.

I know that if we continue to cooperate with Canada, that if we can all keep our eye on the ball of long-term protection for the North Fork, that every Montanan, every American, and every Canadian who follows us will have the opportunity to share our feeling of awestruck wonder that such a place still exists, almost untouched by the modern world.

Mr. President, I rise to introduce legislation that sets forth a clear, comprehensive policy for the detention, interrogation and trial of enemy belligerents who are suspected of engaging in hostilities against the U.S. This legislation seeks to ensure that the mistakes made during the apprehension of the Christmas Day bomber, such as reading him a Miranda warning, will never happen again and put Americans' security at risk.

Specifically, this bill would require unprivileged enemy belligerents suspected of engaging in hostilities against the U.S. to be held in military custody and interrogated for their intelligence value by a ``high value detainee'' interagency team established by the President. This interagency team of experts in national security, terrorism, intelligence, interrogation and law enforcement will have the protection of U.S. civilians and civilian facilities as their paramount responsibility and experience in gaining actionable intelligence from high value detainees.

These experts must, to the extent it is possible to do so, make a preliminary determination whether the detainee is an unprivileged enemy belligerent within 48 hours of a detainee being taken into custody. The experts then must submit their determination to the Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General after consultation with the Director of National Intelligence, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General make a final determination and report it to the President and the appropriate committees of Congress. In the case of any disagreement between the Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General, the President will make the final call.

A key provision of this bill is that it would prohibit a suspected enemy belligerent from being provided with a Miranda warning and being told he has a right to a lawyer and a right to refuse to cooperate. I believe that an overwhelming majority of Americans agree that when we capture a terrorist who is suspected of carrying out or planning an attack intended to kill hundreds if not thousands of innocent civilians, our focus must be on gaining all the information possible to prevent that attack or any that may follow from occurring. Under these circumstances, actionable intelligence must be our highest priority and criminal prosecution must be secondary.

Additionally, the legislation would authorize detention of enemy belligerents without criminal charges for the duration of the hostilities consistent with standards under the law of war which have been recognized by the Supreme Court. Importantly, if a decision is made to hold a criminal trial after the necessary intelligence information is obtained, the bill mandates trial by military commission where we are best able to protect U.S. national security interests, including sensitive classified sources and methods, as well as the place and the people involved in the trial itself.

It should come as no comfort to any American that nearly 8\1/2\ years after the attacks of 9/11 we still don't have a clear mechanism, legal structure, and implementing policy for dealing with terrorists who we capture in the act of trying to bring about attacks on the U.S. and our national security interests at home and abroad. What we saw with the Christmas Day bomber was a series of missteps and staggering failures in coordination among the most senior members of the administration's national security officials that have continued to be compounded by administration apologists who still don't seem to understand that repeating the same mistakes that were made in 2001 and 2002 is going to lead to the deaths of many more Americans.

The vast majority of Americans understand that what happened with the Christmas Day bomber was a near catastrophe that was only prevented by

sheer luck and the courage of a few of the passengers and crew. A wide majority of Americans also realize that allowing a terrorist to be interrogated for only 50 minutes before he is given a Miranda warning and told he can obtain a lawyer and stop cooperating is not sufficient.

Let me be clear about where I think the fault lies with our current policy. I believe that the local FBI agents who were involved with investigating the Detroit attack are patriotic Americans who are experts in the field of law enforcement. I hold the FBI in the highest regard and believe they set the standard for law enforcement professionalism not only in the U.S., but internationally. But it is impossible for FBI field agents to know all the information that is available to the U.S. intelligence community worldwide during the first 50 minutes of interrogation of a suspected terrorist. We must ensure that the broad range of expertise that is available within our government is brought to bear on such high-value detainees. This bill mandates such coordination and places the proper focus on getting intelligence to stop an attack, rather than allowing law enforcement and preparing a case for a civilian criminal trial to drive our response.

Deliberate mass attacks that intentionally target hundreds of innocent civilians is an act of war and should not be dealt with in the same manner as a robbery. We must recognize the difference. If we don't, our response will be hopelessly inadequate. We should not be providing suspected terrorists with Miranda warnings and defense lawyers. Instead, the priority and focus must be on isolating and neutralizing the immediate threat and collecting intelligence to prevent another attack.

In closing, let me say that I hope that Congress and the administration support this legislation as part of a comprehensive solution for detaining, interrogating and prosecuting suspected enemy belligerents. However, there is a lot more work that must be done. I am continuing to work with Senator Graham, Senator Lieberman, and others to address other crucial aspects of detainee policy.

As part of that effort, I believe we must establish a system for long-term detention of terrorists who are too dangerous to release, but who cannot be tried in a civilian court. While the law of war authorizes detention until the end of hostilities--something the Supreme Court has recognized and which is reinforced in this bill--I believe that a review system for the long-term detention of detainees should be set out in law. Additionally, both the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia and the D.C. Circuit Court have urged Congress to provide uniform guidelines to apply in the habeas corpus cases that have been brought by detainees. Currently, the outcomes in the Guantanamo detainee habeas cases are inconsistent because of different interpretations of novel questions of law the judges face in applying habeas to wartime prisoners for the first time in our history. I will continue to work on a bipartisan basis to improve this process to obtain better, more uniform results. I do not believe that we will have addressed all the necessary detainee policy challenges until we do so, and my efforts will not stop until we have addressed all the detainee issues in a comprehensive fashion.

While other detainee policy challenges remain, I believe the handling of the Christmas Day bomber--including the law enforcement focus and the decision to read a Miranda warning after only 50 minutes of interrogation--demand that Congress and the administration first address the issue which is most crucial to our national security. For that reason, we must have a clear policy, legal foundation, and mechanism for the detention, interrogation and trial of enemy belligerents who are suspected of engaging in hostilities against the U.S. I hope my colleagues will join me in supporting this important legislation.

Mr. President, I rise to speak to legislation I am introducing today, with my colleagues, Senator Crapo of Idaho, Senators Baucus and Tester of Montana, and Senator Wyden, from my home state of Oregon, to protect and restore the Columbia River Basin.

The Columbia River Basin is the great river system that defines the Pacific Northwest. It runs 1,243 miles from Columbia Lake in British Columbia to its mouth at Astoria, OR, the first permanent European settlement west of the Rocky Mountains. Its basin drains 258,000 acres in seven states, including many of great geological provinces of the West: the Yellowstone Plateau; the Rocky Mountains; the volcanic Snake River Plain; Hells Canyon, America's deepest canyon; the basalt plains and high desert of eastern Oregon and Washington; the majestic Columbia River Gorge; the volcanic slopes of the Cascade Mountains; and the temperate rain forests of the Coast Range.

The Columbia River's tributaries are the major rivers of the Northwest. The Snake River, its longest tributary, runs more than 1,000 miles from near the continental divide in Wyoming's Yellowstone Park to its mouth with the Columbia in eastern Washington. The Clark Fork is Montana's largest river by volume, draining much of western Montana and turning into the Pend Oreille River in Idaho before it flows into the Columbia just across the border in Canada.

It is also the lifeblood of our economy and has been the foundation of a trade-based economy stretching back thousands of years, even before European settlement. Today it is the cornerstone of the region's shipping network, with ports dotting the river as far upstream as Lewiston, Idaho, the farthest inland seaport in the west. It was once the world's largest wild salmon run, with as many as 30 million salmon returning to spawn in our rivers, and is still a foundation for much of our commercial and recreational fishing industries and an important source of fish for many of our Indian tribes.

The Columbia River Basin is the backbone of our energy system, with a network of dams that provide the majority of the region's electricity, more electricity than any other river in the country generates. Indeed, when we measure generating capacity, we talk about 100- and 200- Megawatt capacity wind farms and we talk about 600- and 800-Megawatt coal plants. Well, the Grand Coulee dam in central Washington state has a capacity of 6,800 Megawatts. It was the availability of low-cost power that brought the industrial era to the Northwest and brought a host of benefits to our rural residents, from rural electrification to irrigation for agriculture, as memorialized in the 1940s by Woody Guthrie. About four million acres of income-producing farm and ranch land across the Pacific Northwest are irrigated by the Columbia River, contributing $10 billion to our economy every year.

Unfortunately, the Columbia River Basin is also a river basin that faces serious challenges. Our rivers are severely polluted. When EPA completed its Columbia River Basin Fish Contaminant Survey, the agency looked for 131 chemicals in fish tissues that could be taken up by humans because of contamination entering the food chain. The study detected 70 percent of the chemicals EPA was looking for. All 11 species of fish they tested had some level of contamination in their tissue.

The contamination in these fish poses a health problem for people throughout our region, but it is the Indian tribes, our neighbors who have made this basin their home for thousands of years--including the Warm Springs, the Nez Perce, the Umatilla, and the Yakama--who are among the most affected. A survey conducted by the Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission found that tribal members consume between 6 and 10 times as much fish as the national average. High consumption rates exist among all tribal members consuming fish as well as among specific high-risk groups, including breastfeeding women.

In addition, the salmon and steelhead, upon which the tribes and the fishing communities of the Northwest have so long depended, are in serious decline.

The good news is that stakeholders across the region are working to clean up and restore the river. Since the Lower Columbia River estuary was added to the National Estuary Program, a robust partnership involving 28 cities, 9 counties, and the states of Oregon and Washington has come together to coordinate habitat restoration and toxic contamination reduction in that part of the basin. The EPA has coordinated stakeholders throughout the basin, including the states of Idaho and Montana and tribal governments, working to improve toxic pollution monitoring and reduce and clean up contamination.

But more needs to be done.

While EPA has designated the Columbia River Basin as one of the nation's Great Water Bodies and has an active program in the basin, it is the only one of these Great Water Bodies that doesn't receive designated appropriations to support its restoration. Unlike the Chesapeake Bay and the Great Lakes, where Congress has authorized and funded restoration programs, the Columbia River Basin has no such program.

It is in that context that I introduce today, along with Senate colleagues from the Northwest, the Columbia River Basin Restoration Act of 2010. The bill establishes a clear stakeholder-driven process to oversee implementation of toxic contamination reduction plans. It directs EPA to provide technical support to a Working Group of stakeholders representing important constituencies and representing every geographic area in the Basin, and it allows those stakeholders to prioritize projects to implement toxic contamination reduction and to propose those projects to the EPA for funding.

We have also included an important component related to the Flathead River Basin in this bill. As my colleague the senior Senator from Montana can tell you, the Flathead is an amazing pristine gem of a water body on the far eastern edge of our basin. It forms the western and southern boundaries of the world's first international peace park, Glacier-Waterton, and it contains Flathead Lake, the largest freshwater lake in the West. Senator Baucus has made protecting the Flathead Basin a major focus and has discussed it many times in our work together on the Environment and Public Works Committee, and we have been working together for several months now to make sure we could protect the Flathead River Basin in this bill. I am glad we were able to include his provision to do so.

I would particularly like to thank my colleague Senator Crapo from our neighboring State to the east. Senator Crapo and I have been able to work together in a true collaborative partnership to propose what we believe will be an effective, stakeholder-driven program to help our constituents reduce toxic contamination in waterways that matter so much to them, and to do so in ways that our constituents design and prioritize. This bill reflects the interests and concerns of people from every State in the Northwest, and we will continue to hear and address their interests and concerns as the legislative process continues.

I am proud to stand with my colleagues from the Northwest today as we introduce this bill.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be printed in the Record.