H.R. 1709 – Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act

AI-Generated Summary

Updated November 24, 2025 at 2:19 AM UTC

The Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act directs the Commerce Department’s Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information to produce a comprehensive report on the security of U.S. mobile service networks. The report, due within a year, will evaluate provider vulnerabilities, consumer security considerations, encryption practices, and the use of surveillance tools, while consulting a broad set of government, industry, and academic experts. It focuses on real‑world threats, excludes 5G protocols, and will be delivered in an unclassified format with possible classified annexes.

Key Provisions

The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information must, within one year of the law’s enactment, deliver a report to the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee on the cybersecurity of mobile service networks.
The report must assess how mobile service providers have addressed vulnerabilities identified by researchers, standards bodies, industry experts, and federal agencies, and evaluate how customers consider security when choosing services or devices.
It must examine the use and effectiveness of encryption and authentication methods in mobile networks, equipment, phones, operating systems, and apps, as well as barriers providers face in adopting stronger security measures.
The report must estimate the prevalence and use of cell‑site simulators (IMSI catchers) and other surveillance tools by adversaries in the United States.
In preparing the report, the Assistant Secretary must consult with a wide range of stakeholders, including the FCC, NIST, the intelligence community, DHS agencies, academic researchers, standards groups, international partners, and mobile providers of all sizes.
The report is limited to mobile service networks (excluding 5G protocols) and only considers vulnerabilities that have been exploited in real‑world settings or are feasibly exploitable, while ignoring those already mitigated by manufacturers.
The report will be released in an unclassified form, may include a classified annex, and any potentially exploitable unclassified details will be redacted for public release but provided unredacted to the committees.

Legislative Activity

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14 earlier actions

SenateIntro Referral Latest Action

Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

July 15, 2025

View full timeline

HouseIntro Referral

Introduced in House

February 27, 2025

HouseIntro Referral

Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.

Energy and Commerce Committee

February 27, 2025

HouseCommittee

Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held

Energy and Commerce Committee

March 4, 2025

HouseCommittee

Ordered to be Reported by Voice Vote.

Energy and Commerce Committee

March 4, 2025

HouseCommittee

Reported by the Committee on Energy and Commerce. H. Rept. 119-177.

Energy and Commerce Committee

June 30, 2025

HouseCalendars

Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 143.

June 30, 2025

HouseFloor

Mr. Latta moved to suspend the rules and pass the bill.

July 14, 2025 • 3:00 PM

HouseFloor

Considered under suspension of the rules. (consideration: CR H3209-3211)

July 14, 2025 • 3:00 PM

HouseFloor

DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate on H.R. 1709.

July 14, 2025 • 3:00 PM

HouseFloor

At the conclusion of debate, the Yeas and Nays were demanded and ordered. Pursuant to the provisions of clause 8, rule XX, the Chair announced that further proceedings on the motion would be postponed.

July 14, 2025 • 3:08 PM

HouseFloor

Considered as unfinished business. (consideration: CR H3230-3231)

July 14, 2025 • 6:30 PM

HouseFloor

Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 360 - 10 (Roll no. 191).

View vote Passed

July 14, 2025 • 6:56 PM

HouseFloor

On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 360 - 10 (Roll no. 191). (text: CR H3209-3210)

View vote Passed

July 14, 2025 • 6:56 PM

HouseFloor

Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.

July 14, 2025 • 6:56 PM

SenateIntro Referral

Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

July 15, 2025

Voting History

1 vote recorded • Roll call available

HOUSE

Roll Call Available

July 14, 2025 at 6:56 PM

On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass

Majority required: 2/3 (66.7%)

Passed

360 - 10

Floor Debate

13 members

What members said about H.R. 1709 on the floor

+8

5 Republicans8 Democrats

Rep. Monica De La CruzR-TX-15 · May 6, 2025

Under clause 7 of rule XII, sponsors were added to public bills and resolutions, as follows: H.R. 116: Ms. Boebert. H.R. 151: Ms. Van Duyne. H.R. 255: Mr. Gill of Texas, Mr. Self, and Ms. Crockett.…

Under clause 7 of rule XII, sponsors were added to public bills and resolutions, as follows:

H.R. 116: Ms. Boebert.

H.R. 151: Ms. Van Duyne.

H.R. 255: Mr. Gill of Texas, Mr. Self, and Ms. Crockett.

H.R. 404: Mr. Wied.

H.R. 429: Mr. Suozzi.

H.R. 479: Ms. Boebert.

H.R. 556: Mr. Wied.

H.R. 574: Mr. Van Drew, Mrs. Miller-Meeks, Mr. Stauber, and

Mr. Fitzpatrick.

H.R. 628: Ms. Davids of Kansas.

H.R. 659: Mr. Soto, Mrs. Ramirez, and Mr. Garcia of

California.

H.R. 740: Ms. Malliotakis and Mr. Kustoff.

H.R. 802: Ms. Bonamici.

H.R. 833: Mr. Hamadeh of Arizona, Mr. Moran, Mr. Barr, and

Mr. Burlison.

H.R. 842: Mr. Kiley of California and Ms. Stansbury.

H.R. 909: Mr. Subramanyam and Ms. Schakowsky.

H.R. 914: Ms. McDonald Rivet.

H.R. 942: Mr. Bresnahan and Ms. Davids of Kansas.

H.R. 956: Mr. Biggs of Arizona.

H.R. 1004: Ms. Elfreth and Ms. Kelly of Illinois.

H.R. 1024: Mr. Moran.

H.R. 1041: Mr. Ezell, Mr. Hurd of Colorado, Mr. Cline, and

Ms. De La Cruz.

H.R. 1086: Mrs. Miller-Meeks.

H.R. 1106: Mr. Himes.

H.R. 1151: Mr. Rose.

H.R. 1181: Ms. Fedorchak.

H.R. 1232: Mr. James and Mr. Pfluger.

H.R. 1241: Ms. Boebert.

H.R. 1262: Mrs. Hinson and Mr. Garamendi.

H.R. 1286: Mrs. Fischbach.

H.R. 1329: Mr. Burchett and Mr. McCaul.

H.R. 1330: Mr. Suozzi.

H.R. 1357: Mr. Morelle.

H.R. 1378: Mr. Rogers of Kentucky and Mr. Garbarino.

H.R. 1400: Ms. Perez.

H.R. 1415: Mr. Schmidt and Mr. Weber of Texas.

H.R. 1505: Mr. Min.

H.R. 1509: Ms. Houlahan, Mr. Carbajal, Ms. Lee of Florida,

and Mr. Fry.

H.R. 1521: Mr. Harder of California.

H.R. 1539: Mr. Bilirakis.

H.R. 1636: Mr. Thompson of Mississippi.

H.R. 1659: Ms. Budzinski.

H.R. 1676: Mr. Haridopolos.

H.R. 1682: Mr. James.

H.R. 1695: Mr. Rutherford.

H.R. 1709: Mr. Nunn of Iowa.

H.R. 1775: Ms. Stansbury.

H.R. 1822: Mr. Owens.

H.R. 1868: Ms. Williams of Georgia.

H.R. 1882: Mr. Gill of Texas.

H.R. 1909: Mr. Wittman.

H.R. 1918: Ms. McBride.

H.R. 2028: Ms. Van Duyne and Ms. McBride.

H.R. 2033: Ms. Malliotakis.

H.R. 2109: Mr. Costa.

H.R. 2126: Mr. Brecheen and Mr. James.

H.R. 2145: Ms. Davids of Kansas.

H.R. 2160: Mr. Schmidt.

H.R. 2189: Mr. Fry.

H.R. 2199: Ms. McBride.

H.R. 2230: Ms. Malliotakis.

H.R. 2253: Mr. Frost.

H.R. 2290: Mr. Garamendi.

H.R. 2294: Ms. McBride.

H.R. 2311: Mr. Jackson of Illinois.

H.R. 2315: Ms. Boebert.

H.R. 2355: Mr. Mann.

H.R. 2395: Ms. Hageman.

H.R. 2514: Ms. Budzinski.

H.R. 2531: Mr. Larson of Connecticut and Ms. Stansbury.

H.R. 2536: Mr. Riley of New York.

H.R. 2538: Ms. Stansbury and Mr. Graves.

H.R. 2550: Mr. Clyburn.

H.R. 2599: Mr. Issa.

H.R. 2623: Mr. Wied.

H.R. 2687: Ms. Pelosi.

H.R. 2705: Mr. Collins and Ms. Boebert.

H.R. 2729: Mr. Stauber, Mr. Rose, Mrs. Radewagen, and Mr.

Peters.

H.R. 2736: Mrs. Sykes.

H.R. 2753: Ms. Chu, Mr. Johnson of Georgia, Ms. Goodlander,

Mr. Meeks, Mr. Courtney, Ms. Escobar, Ms. Dexter, and Mr.

Pocan.

H.R. 2761: Mr. Goldman of New York.

H.R. 2767: Ms. Norton.

H.R. 2781: Mr. Bishop.

H.R. 2788: Mr. Cohen.

H.R. 2841: Ms. Boebert.

H.R. 2904: Mrs. Cherfilus-McCormick.

H.R. 2941: Mr. Krishnamoorthi.

H.R. 2969: Mr. Cline.

H.R. 2979: Mr. Fitzpatrick.

H.R. 3033: Mr. Pfluger.

H.R. 3036: Mr. Takano.

H.R. 3043: Mr. McGuire.

H.R. 3048: Mr. Fitzpatrick.

H.R. 3098: Mr. Correa.

H.R. 3107: Mr. Bishop.

H.R. 3112: Ms. Perez, Mr. Peters, Mrs. Cherfilus-McCormick,

and Mr. Sherman.

H.R. 3128: Ms. Sewell.

H.R. 3131: Mr. Rogers of Kentucky.

H.R. 3142: Mr. Bacon.

H.R. 3177: Mr. Steube.

H.R. 3179: Ms. Van Duyne and Mr. Self.

H.R. 3195: Mr. Rogers of Alabama.

H.R. 3199: Ms. Omar, Ms. Meng, Mr. Boyle of Pennsylvania,

Mr. Mullin, and Mr. Sherman.

H.R. 3204: Mr. Neguse.

H.J. Res. 38: Mr. Steube.

H. Res. 155: Ms. Pingree.

H. Res. 166: Ms. Norton.

H. Res. 267: Mr. Davis of Illinois, Mr. Garcia of

California, Mr. Thompson of Mississippi, Ms. McClellan, Mr.

Bacon, Mr. Torres of New York, Mrs. Hayes, Ms. Ansari, Ms.

Tlaib, Ms. Stansbury, Mr. Johnson of Georgia, Ms. Titus, Mr.

Soto, and Mr. Fields.

H. Res. 364: Mr. Thompson of Pennsylvania, Ms. Malliotakis,

Mr. Fallon, and Mr. Kustoff.

H. Res. 380: Mr. Pocan, Mr. Thanedar, Ms. McCollum, and Ms.

Tokuda.

Rep. Robert E. LattaR-OH-5 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and pass the bill (H.R. 1709) to direct the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information to submit to Congress a report examining the…

Mr. Speaker, I move to suspend the rules and pass the bill (H.R. 1709) to direct the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information to submit to Congress a report examining the cybersecurity of mobile service networks, and for other purposes.

Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members may have 5 legislative days in which to revise and extend their remarks and insert extraneous material into the Record on the bill.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 1709, the Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act, led by the gentlewoman from Florida's Third District and the gentleman from Ohio's First District.

In recent years, we have seen a rise in large-scale cybersecurity attacks that put Americans at risk. Attacks like the Salt Typhoon have directly impacted the communications of public officials, including President Trump and Vice President Vance.

While mobile service providers take numerous steps to address vulnerabilities in the networks, threats to our mobile networks continue to exist. To sufficiently address threats across networks, Congress needs a sophisticated and comprehensive assessment of what vulnerabilities persist, what issues have been resolved, and where mobile cybersecurity policymaking should be focused.

The Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act requires the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, NTIA, to submit to Congress a comprehensive report examining the cybersecurity at existing wireless networks and vulnerabilities to cyberattacks and surveillance by adversaries. This bipartisan bill will ensure communications networks are safe and protect the privacy and security of the American people.

This bipartisan legislation passed by a vote of 393-22 in the last Congress.

Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to support H.R. 1709, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I have no further speakers, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I am prepared to close, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, cybersecurity is something we have talked about not only in the Energy and Commerce Committee for many years, but it is also absolutely essential that our wireless networks are not vulnerable to attacks, especially by our adversaries across the globe.

Mr. Speaker, I urge support and ask for passage of the legislation. Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, on that I demand the yeas and nays.

Rep. Frank Pallone, Jr.D-NJ-6 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 1709, the Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act. The security of our mobile networks and…

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 1709, the Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act.

The security of our mobile networks and devices is paramount to American security overall. Most Americans carry a cell phone or other mobile device with them all the time, and this trend is unlikely to change as we are only becoming more and more connected.

Consumers, therefore, deserve to stay in touch with their friends and family, use social media, or connect to the internet without fear of their devices being hacked. We must ensure that these devices, the networks they run on, and the vast amount of data they hold are secure and protected from the malicious actions of our foreign adversaries and other bad actors.

H.R. 1709 is an important step toward addressing these concerns.

This bill directs the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information to report to Congress on the cybersecurity threats our mobile networks and mobile devices face at the hands of foreign adversaries and other bad actors. Among other things, the report will include an assessment of whether mobile carriers have or have not addressed cybersecurity vulnerabilities in their respective

networks. It will also include an analysis of whether there are commercially available tools to help consumers evaluate the cybersecurity risks of these networks.

I thank Representatives Landsman and Cammack for their bipartisan work on this bill. It is a good step toward ensuring we can protect our mobile networks from evolving threats. I know we will continue to work toward securing our country's data, devices, and networks, whether from a foreign adversary or a domestic threat.

Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to support this bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield such time as he may consume to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. Landsman), who is a member of our committee.

Mr. Speaker, this is an important bill, as was described by the sponsor, and I urge my colleagues to support it. I yield back the balance of my time.

Rep. Greg LandsmanD-OH-1 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank my colleague from Ohio (Mr. Latta) and Mr. Pallone. This is, I think, a really important bipartisan piece of legislation. It is a very simple and straightforward bill. It is…

Rep. Brett GuthrieR-KY-2 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, on Roll Call No. 191, No. 192, and No. 193, I was not recorded due to inclement weather delaying travel. Had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 191, YEA on Roll Call…

Show 8 more

Rep. Debbie Wasserman SchultzD-FL-25 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, due to weather related travel delays outside of my control, I was not able to be physically present for votes today. Had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 191, YEA…

Rep. Zachary NunnR-IA-3 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I was unable to be present for the following floor votes today. Had I been present, I would have voted: YEA on Roll Call No. 191, H.R. 1709; YEA on Roll Call No. 192, H.R. 1770; and YEA…

Rep. Maxine DexterD-OR-3 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, my flight was delayed in getting to D.C. Had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 191, H.R. 1709; YEA on Roll Call No. 192, H.R. 1770; and YEA on Roll Call No. 193, S.…

Rep. Suzanne BonamiciD-OR-1 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I was unable to attend today's vote series. Had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 191, YEA on Roll Call No. 192, and YEA on Roll Call No. 193. personal explanation

Rep. Hillary J. ScholtenD-MI-3 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, due to travel delays, I was unable to vote today. Had I been present, I would have voted: YEA on Roll Call No. 193, YEA on Roll Call No. 192, and YEA on Roll Call No. 191.

Rep. Susie LeeD-NV-3 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, my votes were not recorded today. Had they been recorded, I would have voted: YEA on Roll Call No. 191, YEA on Roll Call No. 192, and YEA on Roll Call No. 193.

Rep. Marie Gluesenkamp PerezD-WA-3 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I unfortunately missed votes today. Had I been present, I would have voted: YEA on Roll Call No. 191, YEA on Roll Call No. 192, and YEA on Roll Call No. 193.

Rep. Juan CiscomaniR-AZ-6 · Jul 14, 2025

Mr. Speaker, had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 191.

Bill Text

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Referred in SenateIssued July 15, 2025

IIB

119th CONGRESS

1st Session

H. R. 1709

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

July 15, 2025

Received; read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

AN ACT

To direct the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information to submit to Congress a report examining the cybersecurity of mobile service networks, and for other purposes.

1.

Short title

This Act may be cited as the Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act.

2.

Report on cybersecurity of mobile service networks

(a)

In general

Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Assistant Secretary, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report examining the cybersecurity of mobile service networks and the vulnerability of such networks and mobile devices to cyberattacks and surveillance conducted by adversaries.

(b)

Matters To be included

The report required by subsection (a) shall include the following:

(1)

An assessment of the degree to which providers of mobile service have addressed, are addressing, or have not addressed cybersecurity vulnerabilities (including vulnerabilities the exploitation of which could lead to surveillance conducted by adversaries) identified by academic and independent researchers, multistakeholder standards and technical organizations, industry experts, and Federal agencies, including in relevant reports of—

(A)

the National Telecommunications and Information Administration;

(B)

the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and

(C)

the Department of Homeland Security, including—

(i)

the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency; and

(ii)

the Science and Technology Directorate.

(2)

A discussion of—

(A)

the degree to which customers (including consumers, companies, and government agencies) consider cybersecurity as a factor when considering the purchase of mobile service and mobile devices; and

(B)

the commercial availability of tools, frameworks, best practices, and other resources for enabling such customers to evaluate cybersecurity risk and price tradeoffs.

(3)

A discussion of the degree to which providers of mobile service have implemented cybersecurity best practices and risk assessment frameworks.

(4)

An estimate and discussion of the prevalence and efficacy of encryption and authentication algorithms and techniques used in each of the following:

(A)

Mobile service.

(B)

Mobile communications equipment or services.

(C)

Commonly used mobile phones and other mobile devices.

(D)

Commonly used mobile operating systems and communications software and applications.

(5)

A discussion of the barriers for providers of mobile service to adopt more efficacious encryption and authentication algorithms and techniques and to prohibit the use of older encryption and authentication algorithms and techniques with established vulnerabilities in mobile service, mobile communications equipment or services, and mobile phones and other mobile devices.

(6)

An estimate and discussion of the prevalence, usage, and availability of technologies that authenticate legitimate mobile service and mobile communications equipment or services to which mobile phones and other mobile devices are connected.

(7)

An estimate and discussion of the prevalence, costs, commercial availability, and usage by adversaries in the United States of cell site simulators (often known as international mobile subscriber identity catchers) and other mobile service surveillance and interception technologies.

(c)

Consultation

In preparing the report required by subsection (a), the Assistant Secretary shall, to the degree practicable, consult with—

(1)

the Federal Communications Commission;

(2)

the National Institute of Standards and Technology;

(3)

the intelligence community;

(4)

the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency of the Department of Homeland Security;

(5)

the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security;

(6)

academic and independent researchers with expertise in privacy, encryption, cybersecurity, and network threats;

(7)

participants in multistakeholder standards and technical organizations (including the 3rd Generation Partnership Project and the Internet Engineering Task Force);

(8)

international stakeholders, in coordination with the Department of State as appropriate;

(9)

providers of mobile service, including small providers (or the representatives of such providers) and rural providers (or the representatives of such providers);

(10)

manufacturers, operators, and providers of mobile communications equipment or services and mobile phones and other mobile devices;

(11)

developers of mobile operating systems and communications software and applications; and

(12)

other experts that the Assistant Secretary considers appropriate.

(d)

Scope of report

The Assistant Secretary shall—

(1)

limit the report required by subsection (a) to mobile service networks;

(2)

exclude consideration of 5G protocols and networks in the report required by subsection (a);

(3)

limit the assessment required by subsection (b)(1) to vulnerabilities that have been shown to be—

(A)

exploited in non-laboratory settings; or

(B)

feasibly and practicably exploitable in real-world conditions; and

(4)

consider in the report required by subsection (a) vulnerabilities that have been effectively mitigated by manufacturers of mobile phones and other mobile devices.

(e)

Form of report

(1)

Classified information

The report required by subsection (a) shall be produced in unclassified form but may contain a classified annex.

(2)

Potentially exploitable unclassified information

The Assistant Secretary shall redact potentially exploitable unclassified information from the report required by subsection (a) but shall provide an unredacted form of the report to the committees described in such subsection.

(f)

Definitions

In this section:

(1)

Adversary

The term adversary includes—

(A)

any unauthorized hacker or other intruder into a mobile service network; and

(B)

any foreign government or foreign nongovernment person engaged in a long-term pattern or serious instances of conduct significantly adverse to the national security of the United States or security and safety of United States persons.

(2)

Assistant secretary

The term Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information.

(3)

Entity

The term entity means a partnership, association, trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other organization.

(4)

Intelligence community

The term intelligence community has the meaning given that term in section 3 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003).

(5)

Mobile communications equipment or service

The term mobile communications equipment or service means any equipment or service that is essential to the provision of mobile service.

(6)

Mobile service

The term mobile service means, to the extent provided to United States customers, either or both of the following services:

(A)

Commercial mobile service (as defined in section 332(d) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 332(d))).

(B)

Commercial mobile data service (as defined in section 6001 of the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (47 U.S.C. 1401)).

(7)

Person

The term person means an individual or entity.

(8)

United states person

The term United States person means—

(A)

an individual who is a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States;

(B)

an entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity; or

(C)

any person in the United States.

Passed the House of Representatives July 14, 2025.

Kevin F. McCumber,

Clerk.