Floor Statements

Madam Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution 1224, I offer amendments en bloc.

Madam Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that amendment No. 113, printed in part A of House Report 117-405, be modified in the form I have placed at the desk.

Madam Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from California (Mr. Khanna), a member of the committee, to speak on the amendments en bloc.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman from Connecticut (Mrs. Hayes) for purposes to speak on the amendments en bloc.

Madam Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentlewoman from Texas (Ms. Jackson Lee).

Madam Speaker, I yield an additional 30 seconds to the gentlewoman from Texas.

Madam Speaker, I yield 1\1/2\ minutes to the gentlewoman from Florida (Ms. Wasserman Schultz).

Madam Speaker, I urge adoption of the en bloc amendments, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution 1224, I offer amendments en bloc.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Pallone).

Madam Speaker, we have no further speakers, so I will urge adoption of the amendment, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution 1224, I offer amendments en bloc.

Madam Speaker, I have no speakers on this en bloc, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from California (Mr. Takano).

Madam Speaker, I yield an additional 1 minute to the gentleman from California.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman from Texas (Ms. Garcia).

Madam Speaker, I have no further speakers.

Madam Speaker, I urge adoption of the en bloc package, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I rise to congratulate Dr. Kevin McCarthy on his retirement from Renton Technical College. He has served many years as an educator and as a leader in our community.

Kevin has continually demonstrated his commitment to education. He brought his talents to the Pacific Northwest where he served as vice president of instruction at the Lake Washington Institute of Technology, dean of the Health Sciences, Education & Wellness Institute at Bellevue College, and associate vice president of instruction at Blue Mountain Community College prior to joining Renton Technical College.

Kevin is well known throughout the community as the president of Renton Technical College. He has served as a strong and passionate leader in this role since 2015. Kevin has always emphasized the importance of inclusion and prioritized equitable access to education during his time as president. His focus on equity goes beyond the classroom. Kevin serves the community as part of the Puget Sound Coalition for College & Career Readiness and as a member of the Renton Mayor's Inclusion Task Force.

Madam Speaker, I sincerely thank and commend Dr. Kevin McCarthy for the tireless work he's done to educate and support learners in the Puget Sound region. I congratulate him and wish him a happy retirement.

Madam Speaker, I rise today to mark the 50th Anniversary of the Pell Grant Program.

In 1972, Congress amended the Higher Education Act by creating the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant, to provide direct financial aid to low-income students so they would have the same access to higher education and opportunity for success as their higher income peers. This program was later named the Pell Grant for its original sponsor, Sen. Claiborne Pell, Democrat from Rhode Island. The original bill was signed into law by Republican President Richard Nixon, and the program has maintained this original bipartisan support over the last 50 years.

To date, more than 80 million students have received a Pell Grant to go to college since the program's creation. Currently, nearly 7 million students are going to college with Pell Grants, or about 40 percent of undergraduate students.

In my congressional district, 4,626 students are receiving $17,586,937 to pursue their higher education goals at our local colleges.

The federal investment in Pell Grants is targeted to students with demonstrated financial need, with most families at incomes of $40,000 or less, and the investment pays off by increasing college completion, and economic mobility.

Madam Speaker, as we approach the 50-year mark on the Pell Grant program, I look forward to Congress continuing the bipartisan support for low-income student access to college through the Pell Grant for another 50 years. I urge my colleagues to support the bipartisan resolution declaring June 23, 2022, National Pell Grant Day this year, and in the future.

Madam Speaker, I rise to congratulate James Rasmussen on his retirement. James has served as a strong community leader working on environmental, habitat, and community issues along the Duwamish River.

My staff and I have had the pleasure of working with James for several years. He has played an important role serving his community as part of the Duwamish Tribe and the Duwamish River Community Coalition.

James has been an extremely effective advocate for the cleanup of the Duwamish River. He has also been a fierce supporter of the river's nearby communities and has served as a tireless and committed advocate for decades in our region. His efforts and dedication have been invaluable in support of the protection of the Duwamish River. His work will help to ensure that the river is restored for future generations.

Madam Speaker, I sincerely thank and commend James Rasmussen for spending his career focused on the protection and cleanup of the Duwamish River. I congratulate him on a well-deserved retirement.

Madam Speaker, I rise to recognize Efrem Fesaha for his many years of service as a dedicated community member and small business owner. Having first founded Boon Boona Coffee in 2012, Efrem has grown his business to now include multiple locations that employ more than 20 people, This year, Efrem was awarded the 2022 Small Businessperson of the Year by both the SBA of Washington State and of the Pacific Northwest Region due to his outstanding work navigating the challenges posed by the pandemic while fostering inclusive and welcoming spaces at his shops. He is one of ten finalists for SBA's National Small Businessperson of the Year.

Efrem founded Boon Boona Coffee after visiting his family in Eritrea and drawing inspiration from East African coffee. He has dedicated his business to bringing the rich culture of East African Coffee to the Seattle area. Not only has Efrem greatly contributed to the culture of Washington's 9th district, he has also set out to create a positive impact globally, sourcing fresh coffee beans from African producers and women-owned growers.

The SBA's recognition of Efrem's achievements is well-deserved and speaks to his strong character, work ethic, and understanding of the importance of creating welcoming environments for community members to gather.

Madam Speaker, it is my privilege and honor to recognize Efrem Fesaha for his outstanding career achievements and for his contributions to our community.

Madam Speaker, as the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, I would like to recognize an outstanding public servant, Mr. Ralph White, who has dedicated his career to providing bidders for government contracts with an expeditious means to seek accountability, and to maintaining a high rate of effectiveness in the bid protest process. Mr. White will retire on May 29, 2022, after a distinguished, 39-year career in public service, including serving 33 years at the Government Accountability Office (GAO), where he is currently a Managing Associate General Counsel for the Procurement Law division.

As a Senate staffer during the beginning of his career, Mr. White was instrumental in the drafting of the Competition in Contracting Act of 1984, which established the authority for GAO's bid protest function, under which hundreds of bid protests are filed each year. Mr. White joined GAO in 1989 as a writing attorney/hearing officer in the Procurement Law division and was promoted in 2010 to lead a team of attorneys as an Assistant General Counsel. Since becoming a Managing Associate General Counsel, responsible for GAO's bid protest decision- making authority, Mr. White has successfully led GAO's Procurement Law division to resolve numerous large

and complicated bid protests with a consistently high effectiveness rate and has been recognized by the government contracting community as a preeminent legal expert and trusted mentor. Mr. White is regularly sought out to speak and provide insights into the bid protest process throughout the government, academia, and industry. Throughout his tenure, Mr. White has managed the resolution of protests related to nearly every aspect of federal procurement spending. His exceptional professionalism, integrity, and dedication have been recognized by numerous awards throughout his GAO career, including GAO's Distinguished Service award in 2013 and the General Counsel's Award in March 2010 for outstanding leadership.

Under Mr. White's leadership, the GAO bid protest process has increased public confidence in the transparency, accountability, and functionality of the U.S. federal acquisition system. We thank him for his commitment and service to the Nation.

Madam Speaker, I rise to recognize Bill Burton for his many years of service as a community advocate and for his role as the Area Director for the Rainier Vista Boys & Girls Club.

A Rainier Vista native, Bill is an experienced and accomplished community leader. He has served as the Area Director of the Boys & Girls Club since 1980, working tirelessly throughout his life to empower local youth. As Area Director, Bill was a driving force behind fundraising efforts that galvanized the Rainer Vista Boys & Girls Club. He turned what was once an underdeveloped club into a thriving community center that provides Rainier Vista children a safe place to grow and learn.

Today, the Rainier Vista Club serves over 100 of the neighborhood's youth through programs and mentorship to create positive change in their community. These achievements would not have been possible without Bill's passion and dedication for giving young people opportunities to become outstanding members of their community.

Madam Speaker, it is my privilege and honor to recognize Bill for his outstanding achievements and contributions to our community throughout his career.

Madam Speaker, on Tuesday, March 8, 2022, I missed a vote on H. Con. Res. 70. I would have voted ``YES'' on roll call vote No. 61 (on the motion to suspend the rules and agree to H. Con. Res. 70, as amended).

Madam Speaker, I wish to honor the achievements of Jeremiah ``JJ'' Gertler, Specialist in Military Aviation, Congressional Research Service, on the occasion of his retirement from the Service on February 28, 2022.

JJ Gertler served Congress with distinction for more than 22 years at the Library of Congress as a Specialist in Military Aviation for the Congressional Research Service, as a professional staff member of the House Armed Services Committee, and as a Defense Legislative Assistant for then-Senator Chuck Robb of Virginia. He earned a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, a master's degree in international security policy from the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., as well as graduating with distinction from the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.

JJ is recognized throughout Congress, the military Services, the defense community, and the military aviation community as an expert in U.S. military aviation programs, capabilities, and strategy. He authored numerous reports and products pertaining to important military aircraft programs across the military services, ranging from the F-35 fighter to the Marine Corps Osprey to privatized adversary air combat training. He also is an expert in the strategic use of military aviation, writing extensively on no-fly zones, possible air strikes in numerous conflicts, and on the strategic implications of the Air Force's long-term budget priorities. He excelled at consultative work for Members of Congress and staffers, developing and maintaining long- term relationships with offices and committees of jurisdiction.

JJ also exercised true leadership at CRS. He was chosen, based on his outstanding skills as an analyst and public speaker, to moderate numerous high-profile panels organized by the Service, most notably the plenary session for the 2019 New Members' Seminar in Williamsburg, Virginia. His skills at presentation are well noted by both members and peers, and a House Armed Services subcommittee chairman once told him, ``I have been here 10 years, and I have never heard a better presentation.'' He created the first podcast for CRS aimed at Congressional clients, served a year in a rotation as a Senior Advisor to the Director of CRS, and piloted multiple new written CRS products during his tenure.

During his tenure as a professional staff member on the House Armed Services Committee from 2000 through 2004, Mr. Gertler oversaw the defense procurement and missile defense budgets, including all classified programs, during the Fiscal Year 2000 through 2005 budgets. Prior to serving on the committee, he was a defense legislative assistant from 1990 to 1995 for Senator Robb who was simultaneously serving on the Armed Services, Foreign Relations, and Intelligence committees.

JJ Gertler, in addition to his tremendous work and professionalism, is notable for his love of automobiles and his sense of humor. While working on Senator Robb's staff, JJ's sports car team finished third in the country. He plans to retire to the Maryland shore and continue those pursuits. On behalf of the House Armed Services Committee and all those who JJ has worked with during his 22 years on Capitol Hill, we thank him for his public service and wish him well.

Madam Speaker, I rise today to recognize the work of Colonel (Ret.) William T. Johnson, a retired U.S. Army officer and member of the Armed Services Committee's professional staff.

The work of this legislative body is supported by staff who work determinedly on behalf of the American public. These public servants provide valuable policy advice to Members of Congress, assist in crafting legislation and facilitating Congress' oversight responsibilities, among many important duties. While the work of all congressional staff should be recognized, I want to take a moment to single out COL Johnson for going above and beyond his professional responsibilities.

COL Johnson has served for many years on the Armed Services Committee as an expert on Afghanistan policy. This past year, COL Johnson provided invaluable advice to Members of Congress both on and off the Armed Service Committee, staffed critical hearings and briefings, drafted essential, late-breaking updates to the Department's authorities for the scope of its work in Afghanistan. As events unfolded in Afghanistan, offices across Capitol Hill received countless requests for assistance from Americans, Afghan partners, and members of the international community seeking safe passage out of Afghanistan. Many of those seeking assistance approached the Committee and COL Johnson took great initiative. He not only navigated the formal Defense and State Department process but also leveraged his own informal networks, based on his prior military service and time serving in Afghanistan. COL Johnson made connections that helped vulnerable individuals navigate their way safely to the United States. His tireless efforts and hours of work saved countless lives.

The Armed Services Committee and Member offices received many testimonials in the form of pictures, emails, and text messages confirming that individuals COL Johnson assisted had made it to safety. Without the tireless work of the men and women of the United States Armed Forces, the State Department, and public servants like COL Johnson, such messages of gratitude would not have been possible. This was a tremendous accomplishment. Speaking for myself, other Members of Congress, the American people, Afghans, and other partners, I thank him for his service and efforts.

Madam Speaker, I rise to recognize Dave Miller on his many years as General Counsel of T-Mobile, overseeing all of the company's legal and government affairs functions and participating in its expansion and success.

Dave began with the company in 1995 as the Director of Legal Affairs, supporting its work as it spun-off from its parent company, acquired other communications corporations, and changed its name to the T-Mobile we know today. In 2002, he was appointed General Counsel and Chief Legal Officer and in 2011 was appointed Executive Vice President.

He has received many accolades for this work, including the T- Mobilizer Award, the Service Partner Award, and PSBJ Corporate Counsel of the Year.

Dave's more than twenty years with the company have left their mark on the 9th Congressional District of Washington, where T-Mobile's headquarters are located. For this, I thank him and congratulate him on his retirement.

Madam Speaker, it is my privilege to honor Dave Miller for his achievements during his tenure with T-Mobile.

Madam Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution 838, I call up the bill (S. 1605) to designate the National Pulse Memorial located at 1912 South Orange Avenue in Orlando, Florida, and for other purposes, and ask for its immediate consideration in the House.

Madam Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members may have 5 legislative days to revise and extend their remarks and include extraneous material on S. 1605.

Madam Speaker, I yield myself 5 minutes.

Madam Speaker, first of all, I want to thank all the people involved in this

process. Certainly, the staff of the Armed Services Committee, our bipartisan staff, worked incredibly hard over the course of this year to put the bill together, first to get it through our committee process, off the floor and then in the negotiation process that has led to this final bill.

I think it is an incredibly important process because it includes so many people. Throughout the House, throughout the Senate, Members who have concerns in a wide range of policy areas have the opportunity in this bill to have those concerns heard and to try to address them through legislation.

When you add it all up, of all the different proposals that have come at us in the House and the Senate negotiating process, you are well north of a thousand different ideas that have been sent our way, and the staff sift through all of that, working with Members and their staffs as well, to try to come up with the best solutions.

This is an unbelievably important process because it is representative democracy. It is the way our system is supposed to work, and this bill truly reflects that. It is a bipartisan, bicameral product that took into account every single opinion that it could, and I think we have produced an outstanding product.

The number one thing that I want to make sure that people are aware of is how important the Armed Services Committee's job of exercising oversight of the Department of Defense is and how important our job of making sure that the men and women who serve our country have everything they need to carry out the missions that we ask them to do. That is what our committee does. A whole lot of other issues get involved, but at its core, that is what we are focused on. In this bill there are hundreds of provisions to help make sure that gets done and gets done well.

One of the major challenges our military faces right now is dealing with the rapid pace of technology. It is getting the Pentagon to better and more quickly adapt the innovative technologies that we need to meet our national security threats, and those threats are very real, as we are learning right now in real time, with what is going on between Russia and Ukraine, as we learn every day as we deal with an expansionist China, as we try to deal with Iran and North Korea and transnational terrorist groups. Those threats are real. Technology and innovation are crucial to meeting those threats, but we are moving too slowly at this point.

There was a commission on artificial intelligence run by Eric Schmidt and Bob Work that put a whole series of recommendations together. Jim Langevin's subcommittee worked on that. A number of proposals are in this bill to help them do a better job of handling that issue.

We had a task force last year on supply chain concerns, which we have heard so much about. A number of key provisions from that task force are in this bill. That is what we do.

Now, there are a lot of other issues, and it seems like when we get down to the end, we are always talking about the things we disagree about, which makes a certain amount of sense because, you know, you get through the stuff you can agree on, then you get down to the tougher stuff, and then you get down to the really tough stuff.

But when we get down to that really tough stuff, I really hope that people don't lose track of how important this piece of legislation is with the day in and day out work we do to support the national security and national defense of this country and to support the people who we ask to perform those tasks.

This is an outstanding bill that needs to get passed.

Now, it also happens that it is one of the few bills that consistently passes every year. Well, actually, it is the only bill that consistently gets passed every year, so we have a lot of issues from outside committees.

I forget how many hundreds of proposals we had, but at the end of the day, the hundred-plus proposals that were in this bill we got 40 percent of them included in the final product, and we are happy to do that because it helps advance important issues in a wide variety of other areas. We can't carry them all because you have got to get bipartisan, bicameral agreement. So those of you who didn't get what you wanted out of this, please look at what is in the bill and how important it is.

And the single most important thing in this bill, in my view, is we finally reformed our Uniform Code of Military Justice for how it deals with sexual assault. A stain on the military to this day is the fact that we have not adequately dealt with and protected the servicemembers who have faced sexual crimes in the military.

This is the most transformational change that we have done on that issue. We take all sex crimes away from the commander, and we create a Special Victims Prosecutor who will have the expertise, the commitment, and the focus to adequately decide what crimes should be charged and to prosecute those crimes effectively.

Now, a lot of people have worked on this. Nobody has done more than Jackie Speier. Jackie is responsible for getting this done and getting it to this point. Of all those people who worked on it, there were a lot of differences of opinion about how exactly to do it. And I know some folks think it should have been done slightly differently here, slightly differently there. This is the agreement that we can get done and get passed, and it is transformational in what it does.

It is also, I believe, crucial to dealing with one of the other major issues that we face in the military, and that is diversity.

Madam Speaker, I yield myself an additional 1 minute.

The diversity problem that we have with recruitment, promotion, and how is the UCMJ carried out with regard to people of color. This bill will give us the opportunity to set up a whole set of crimes that are under a new authority to take a shot at fixing that problem.

Now, I know some would like to add more crimes to that, and we had that debate. This is what we came up with, and it is huge. It is the biggest change we have had in a long time. It is worthy of our support. The entire bill is worthy of our support.

The last thing I want to say is, I want to specifically thank Mr. Rogers of Alabama, the ranking member on this committee. The bipartisan, bicameral work that we do would not be possible without leadership on both sides. I could not ask for a better partner. His staff has been outstanding, as well as we have worked to get this product.

I highly recommend this bill. Madam Speaker, I urge everyone to vote in favor of this bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from California (Mr. Garamendi), the distinguished chairman of the Subcommittee on Readiness.

Madam Speaker, I yield the gentleman an additional 15 seconds.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2\1/2\ minutes to the gentleman from Connecticut (Mr. Courtney), chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from Rhode Island (Mr. Langevin), chair of the Subcommittee on Cyber, Innovative Technologies, and Information Systems.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from New Jersey (Mr. Norcross), chair of the Tactical Air and Land Force Subcommittee.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from Arizona (Mr. Gallego), the chair of the Intelligence and Special Operations Subcommittee.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman from California (Ms. Speier), the chair of the Military Personnel Subcommittee.

Madam Speaker, I yield an additional 30 seconds to the gentlewoman from California.

Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I am prepared to close at this point if the gentleman is.

Madam Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I want to begin at an odd place. I don't want to discourage people from voting for this bill, but on the vaccine mandate issue, I want to make very clear that I heard a lot of things that were supposed to be done in this bill; none of that was done in the bill. We don't have anything in the bill which tells the military what they can or cannot do in terms of punishing people for refusing to meet the vaccine mandate, as a starting point. We certainly don't have anything in the bill that says natural immunity can count.

We do have language in the bill that says that the military should take a look at how the vaccine mandate could be--sorry. It is not in the bill; it is in bill language, which is a different thing. It says you can look at how the vaccine mandate is affecting recruitment and retention, and that is fine.

But all that other stuff, Madam Speaker, for those of you who are listening and thinking I may have lost my mind, I have not. We did not support that and did not do that.

That minor point aside, this is an outstanding piece of legislation that is truly bipartisan. There are a lot of small, little things here and there. But, again, the big picture is everything we do in this bill and everything that you heard, Madam Speaker, from primarily the chairs and ranking members of our subcommittee, an exhaustive list of all the provisions that are so important in making sure that we meet our obligations on national security, defense, and supporting the men and women who serve. It is a ton of work to figure out those policies, and it has never been, in my view, more important during my time in Congress.

As we have heard, we have these threats that are out there. They are real and as complex as they have ever been. Then also, we have the rapid pace of technology and innovation that is changing what is necessary to provide adequate deterrence and to provide adequate defense on a minute-to-minute basis.

The most crucial thing in our ability to meet our national security objectives is: How quickly are we going to innovate? How quickly are we going to adapt?

We are not innovating and adapting quickly enough right now, and there are a whole bunch of provisions in this bill to help push the Pentagon in the correct direction, to help make sure we give them the help they need or, in some cases, the push they need to adopt the technology that is going to move us in a better direction.

We also have a lot in this bill to help improve competition and to deal with some of the very painful cost overruns that we have seen on programs like the KC-46 tanker, programs like the F-35, and a whole series of other issues.

We introduce competition, and we introduce ways to make sure that we take advantage of technology because every time I see a cost overrun-- and the Speaker is uniquely positioned to understand this. Again, we have these terrible cost overruns we hear about, and we always hear: Oh, well, it is a software problem.

Well, yes, it is like a multibillion-dollar software problem. So why don't we fix those software problems and save us a lot of money?

This bill pushes us more in the direction of getting after those problems than any bill that I have worked on. It is an incredibly important piece of legislation that moves us forward in a positive direction.

Yes, we are also able to carry a few issues that were not in our jurisdiction. In fact, Madam Speaker, with the permission of everyone, the chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee has arrived and was going to speak.

Madam Speaker, if I could yield to him just 1 minute or 2 to talk about the Committee on Foreign Affairs because the committee reauthorized a provision that is contained in this bill as well. I want to make sure the distinguished chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee has at least a couple of minutes.

Madam Speaker, I yield 2 minutes of my remaining time to the gentleman from New York (Mr. Meeks) to talk about the Foreign Affairs provision, and then I will close when he is done.

Madam Speaker, I yield an additional 30 seconds to the gentleman from New York.

Madam Speaker, I want to start by thanking the staff for the outstanding job that they do. As I have always said, Members have constituents coming at us on a variety of different issues. We come up with ideas and say we ought to do this. And from that, that idea actually has to be written down and has to get approval. It is the staff that does all

that tireless work to make sure that we get the final product that is in front of us. I really, really want to thank the staff.

I want to emphasize the fact that our staff on the Armed Services Committee is a bipartisan staff. It is the only committee in Congress that does that. Whether we are in charge or the Republicans are in charge, the staff is bipartisan, and I think that is incredibly important in getting the work done in the way that we do, working together to produce this product. This is a product every single Member of this body can be proud of, and it is a product I think every single Member of this body should vote for.

Madam Speaker, I urge passage, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, on that I demand the yeas and nays.

Madam Speaker, I send to the desk a concurrent resolution and ask unanimous consent for its immediate consideration in the House.

Madam Speaker, I rise to recognize Richard Wilson on his many years of service in the Federal Government and then as a board member for the National Active and Retired Federal Employees Association (NARFE).

Richard was an experienced and accomplished public servant. With 38 years at the U.S. Postal Service and 26 years of service with the Naval Reserve, he exemplified his dedication to serving his community and his country.

Richard Wilson was dedicated to his work with NARFE. After spending time representing his State as president of the Washington Federation, he became a member of the association's National Executive Board.

My office and I were pleased to have worked with Richard in his capacity at NARFE and are saddened to hear of his passing. He and his contributions to our community will be sorely missed.

Madam Speaker, it is my privilege and honor to remember Richard Wilson for the achievements he made during his lifetime.