Mr. Speaker, thank you for joining me this evening to talk about a very special group of veterans, the Navajo Code Talkers. Tonight, my colleagues and I are going to share their stories and highlight the amazing accomplishments of this…
Mr. Speaker, thank you for joining me this evening to talk about a very special group of veterans, the Navajo Code Talkers. Tonight, my colleagues and I are going to share their stories and highlight the amazing accomplishments of this group of warriors. Their contribution to the Allied effort during World War II is widely credited with winning the Battle of Iwo Jima and making majors gains in the Pacific.
During the early months of World War II, Japanese intelligence experts broke every code the U.S. forces devised. The Japanese were able to decode and intercept communications with ease. To combat this, increasingly complex codes were initiated that sometimes took hours at a time simply to decipher one message. Guadalcanal in 1942 was a turning point for the Allied military forces, who realized that the military communications needed a new direction, and new inspiration.
Fortunately, an innovative citizen named Philip Johnston had the answer. As the son of a Protestant missionary, Johnston had grown up on the Navajo reservation and was one of less than 30 non-Navajos fluent in the unique Navajo language. He realized that since it had no alphabet and was almost impossible to master without early exposure, the Navajo language was a perfect choice to form a new, impenetrable military code. In 1942, Johnston completed an impressive demonstration of the Navajo language to the Commanding General of the Pacific fleet headquartered in San Diego. He was then given permission to begin a pilot for the Navajo Code Talker program, and I would like to submit his letter dated March 8, 1942, for the Record.
Headquarters, Amphibious Force,
Pacific Fleet, Camp Elliott,
San Diego, CA, March 6, 1942
Subject: Enlistment of Navaho Indians.
To: The Commandant,
U.S. Marine Corps.
Enclosures: (A) Brochure by Mr. Philip Johnston, with maps.
(B) Messages used in demonstration.
1. Mr. Philip Johnston of Los Angeles recently offered his
services to this force to demonstrate the use of Indians for
the transmission of messages by telephone and voice-radio.
His offer was accepted and the demonstration was held for the
Commanding General and his staff.
2. The demonstration was interesting and successful.
Messages were transmitted and received almost verbatim. In
conducting the demonstration messages were written by a
member of the staff and handed to the Indian; he would
transmit the message in his tribal dialect and the Indian on
the other end would write them down in English. The text of
messages as written and received are enclosed. The Indians do
not have many military terms in their dialect so it was
necessary to give than a few minutes, before the
demonstration, to improvise words for dive-bombing, anti-tank
gun, etc.
3. Mr. Johnston stated that the Navaho is the only tribe in
the United States that has not been infested with German
students during the past twenty years. These Germans,
studying the various tribal dialects under the guise of art
students, anthropologists, etc., have undoubtedly attained a
good working knowledge of all tribal dialects except Navaho.
For this reason the Navaho is the only tribe available
offering complete security for the type of work under
consideration. It is noted in Mr. Johnston's article
(enclosed) that the Navaho is the largest tribe but the
lowest in literacy. He stated, however, that 1,000--if that
many were needed--could be found with the necessary
qualifications. It should also be noted that the Navaho
tribal dialect is completely unintelligible to all other
tribes and all other people, with the possible exception of
as many as 28 Americans who have made a study of the dialect.
This dialect is thus equivalent to a secret code to the
enemy, and admirably suited for rapid, secure communication.
4. It is therefore recommended that an effort be made to
enlist 200 Navaho Indians for this force. In addition to
linguistic qualifications in English and their tribal dialect
they
should have the physical qualifications for messengers.
Clayton B. Vogel,
Commanding General.
Their elite unit was formed in early 1942 when the first of the 29 Navajo Code Talkers were recruited by Johnston. The code was modified and improved throughout the war, but it is so important to note that these 29 Navajo heroes came up with the original code themselves. Accordingly, they are often referred to reverently as the ``original 29.'' We will have the honor of reading their names a bit later this evening.
Many of these enlistees were just boys with little exposure to the world outside of the Navajo reservation. After the war, it was discovered that recruits as young as 15 and as old as 35 years of age had enlisted. In fact, a few of these men traveled to other towns on the reservation, outside their clan where no one knew them and their true age, in order to enlist underage and serve their country.
After sailing through basic training, the Navajo Code Talkers were sent to Marine divisions in the Pacific theater of World War II. Their reputation as innovators soon spread far and wide amongst their commanding officers. In the field, they were not allowed to write any part of the code down as a reference. In fact, the code existed only amongst this small group. Under high pressure battle conditions, the Code Talkers had to quickly recall their code accurately, or risk hundreds or thousands of lives.
Make no mistake about the gravity of this accomplishment. The Navajo Code Talkers created the only unbroken code in modern military history. It baffled the Japanese forces. It was even indecipherable to a Navajo soldier taken prisoner and tortured on Bataan.
The secret code created by the Navajo Code Talkers was a simple marvel of linguistic invention. It contained native terms that were associated with specialized or commonly used military language, as well as native terms that represented letters in the alphabet.
English words with no Navajo translation were spelled out using the Navajo alphabet. The selection of a given term was based on the first letter of the English meaning of the Navajo word. For words that did not translate into Navajo, the Code Talkers created code that did not directly translate, but tended to resemble the things with which they are associated. For example, the Navajo word for ``iron fish'' represented submarine. I could give many more examples, but I think that one is particularly poignant. To say ``America,'' the Code Talkers used the word ``ne-he-mah,'' which means ``our mother.''
This brilliant code allowed our U.S. Marines to communicate quickly and accurately. The Code Talkers' brave work is widely credited with successes of battle in the Pacific and, more ultimately, with helping to end this tragic war.
In the battle for Iwo Jima, in the first 48 hours alone they coded over 800 transmissions with perfect accuracy.
While the true heroism of these brave warriors is known today, sadly, the Code Talkers had to return home after the war without the heroes' welcome they deserved. Ironically, the code was such a precious asset to the U.S. military that it was classified and had to be kept secret. While the code was declassified in 1968, it took years to properly decorate those veterans. In 2001, nearly 60 years after they created their legendary code, the Navajo Code Talkers finally received their well-deserved Congressional Medals of Honor.
Today, only one original Code Talker remains, but the tradition lives on. A delegation of the Four Corners States will attempt to recognize these warriors one by one and give us their thoughts during this hour.
I would like to first recognize my good friend from Arizona (Mr. Flake).
I thank the gentleman.
I would like at this time to acknowledge my good friend from New Mexico (Mr. Lujan).
I thank the gentleman from New Mexico.
At this time I would like to recognize my good friend from Utah (Mr. Chaffetz).
I thank the gentleman from Utah.
I would like at this time to recognize my friend, the gentleman from New Mexico (Mr. Heinrich).
I thank the gentleman from New Mexico for that find.
I would now like to acknowledge my good friend from Arizona (Mr. Schweikert).
Twenty-nine.
I thank the gentleman from Arizona.
I want to take a few moments and honor one of our own in Arizona who just recently died. It is my humble privilege to honor Allen Dale June, one of the original 29 Code Talkers. He died just recently in September of 2010 at the age of 91. He passed away of natural causes at the Veterans Hospital in Prescott, Arizona, which is in my district. He is survived by his wife and 10 children and was buried in Kaibeto, in the heart of Navajo reservation.
June, who attained the rank of sergeant, received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2001 along with other members of the original Code Talkers. When he died, Navajo Nation Council Speaker Lawrence Morgan said, ``The Navajo Nation lost a great warrior. His unique service to his country brought positive attention to the Navajo Nation. He will be missed.''
According to his wife, Virginia, June first tried to sign up for the Marines in his hometown of Kaibeto, but a recruiter told him he was too young. He then traveled to the reservation town of Chinle to enlist because he figured people there wouldn't recognize him and he could lie about his age and forge his father's signature. This dedication and determination to serve their country was common among the Code Talkers and shows character and bravery that we all should emulate.
Allen June was a humble man who did not like to brag about much, even his remarkable service as a Code Talker. However, in the last years of his life he wore his service proudly, sporting a red Navajo Code Talker cap with his name on it.
I would like to take an opportunity and see if my colleague from New Mexico would entertain a colloquy back and forth giving the roll call of the names of the 29.
Thank you, sir.
The roll call for the Navajo Code Talkers, the original 29:
Charlie Y. Begay.
Samuel Begay.
Wilsie Bitsie.
John Brown, Jr.
Benjamin Cleveland.
David Curley.
George H. Dennison.
Carl N. Gorman.
Allen Dale June.
Johnny R. Manuelito.
Chester Nez.
Lloyd Oliver.
Frank Danny Pete.
Harry Tsosie.
William Dean Wilson.
Does my friend have any further comments?
I thank the gentleman from New Mexico for his contribution.
I would also like to start by going through the further list of the Navajo Code Talkers in the honor roll:
Navajo Code Talker list
Confirmed by Marine Corps, as of 17 July 2001
1. Akee, Dan 818638
2. Anthony, Franklin 990074
3. Apache, Jimmie 936773
4. Arviso, Bennie 894438
5. Ashike, Earl 990140
6. Ashley, Regis 894674
7. Attikai, Harold 990084
8. Augustine, John 894402
9. Ayze, Lewis 990075
10. Bahe, Henry 479876
11. Bahe, Woody 875423
12. Baldwin, Benjamin 818564
13. Beard, Harold 894537
14. Becenti, Roy L. 831055
15. Bedoni, Sidney 479771
16. Begay, Carlos 818566
17. Begay, Charlie Sosie 830976
18. Begay, Flemming 830977
19. Begay, George 990132
20. Begay, Henry 990142
21. Begay, Jerry C. 830979
22. Begay, Joe 990094
23. Begay, Lee 990116
24. Begay, Leo 990126
25. Begay, Leonard 990210
26. Begay, Notah 875405
27. Begay, Paul 479917
28. Begay, Samuel H. 358525
29. Begay, Thomas H. 537144
30. Begay, Walter 990073
31. Begay, Willie K.1000016
32. Begay, Wilson J. 894417
33. Begody, David M. 990209
34. Begody, Roger 875422
35. Belinda, Wilmer 875407
36. Belone, Harry 936837
37. Benallie, Jimmie D. 964665
38. Benally, Harrison Lee 1000075
39. Benally, Harry 894507
40. Benally, Jimmie L. 831045
41. Benally, Johnson D. 875371
42. Benally, Samuel 1000078
43. Benton, Sr., Willie 830980
44. Bernard, John 875276
45. Betone, Lloyd 830963
46. Bia, Andrew 990072
47. Billey, Wilfred 830982
48. Billie, Ben 1000045
49. Billiman, Howard 521004
50. Billison, Samuel (Dr.) 831074
51. Billy, Sam Jones 830981
52. Bitsie, Peter J. 1000037
53. Bitsoie, Delford 990061
54. Bizardie, Jesse 875495
55. Black, Jesse 990205
56. Blatchford, Paul 818633
57. Bluehorse, David M. 831043
58. Bowman, John Henry 403099
59. Bowman, Robert 936938
60. Brown, Arthur 990125
61. Brown, Clarence Paul 990088
62. Brown, Tsosie Herman 990202
63. Brown, William Tully 990109
64. Buck, Wilford 1000019
65. Burke, Bobby 894411
66. Burnie, Jose 1000100
67. Burnside, Francis 548184
68. Burr, Sandy 830984
69. Cadman, William 936839
70. Calleditto, Andrew 448919
71. Carroll, Oscar Tsosie 894622
72. Cattle Chaser, Dennis 479729
73. Cayedito, Del 830985
74. Cayedito, Ralph 830986
75. Charley, Carson Bahe 894600
76. Charlie, Sam 990199
77. Chase, Frederick 479873
78. Chavez, George 831098
79. Chee, Guy 990200
80. Clah, Stewart 965051
81. Claw, Thomas 818547
82. Cleveland, Billie 521016
83. Cleveland, Ned 894519
84. Cody, Leslie 479834
85. Cohoe, James Charles 416497
86. Craig, Bob Etcitty 830988
87. Crawford, Karl Kee 478278
88. Cronemeyer, Walter 990201
89. Crosby, Billy 990035
90. Csinnjinni, Carl 416351
91. Dale, Ray 448911
92. Damon, Anson C. 990227
93. Davis, Tully 875378
94. Deel, Martin Dale 818563
95. Dehiya, Dan 830989
96. Dennison, Leo 990107
97. Dodge, Jerome Cody 894478
98. Doolie, John 830990
99. Doolie, Richardson 479723
100. Draper, Nelson 990098
101. Draper, Teddy Sr. 875345
102. Etsicitty, Kee 830991
103. Etsitty, Deswood 875304
104. Evans, Harold 990097
105. Foghorn, Ray 830992
106. Francisco, Jimmy 818625
107. Gatewood, Joseph P. 479889
108. George, William 894441
109. Gishal, Milton M. 875283
110. Gleason, Jimmie 894446
111. Goodluck, John 830933
112. Gorman, Tom 818627
113. Grayson, Bill L. 990052
114. Greymountain, Yazzie 894538
115. Guerito, Billy Lewis 830994
116. Gustine, Tully 830995
117. Guy, Charles 875406
118. Harding, Ben Williams 990091
119. Harding, Jack W. 479888
120. Hardy, Tom 894628
121. Harrison, Emmett 894479
122. Haskie, Ross 358587
123. Hawthorne, Roy Orville 990027
124. Haycock, Bud 990196
125. Hemstreet, Leslie 936840
126. Henry, Albert 830996
127. Henry, Edmund Juan 830997
128. Henry, Kent Carl 936779
129. Hickman, Dean Junian 990103
130. Holiday, Calvin 990198
131. Holiday, Samuel Tom 818614
132. Housewood, Johnson 448907
133. Housteen, Dennie 479730
134. Howard, Ambrose 818574
135. Hubbard, Arthur Jose 1000128
136. Hudson, Lewey 894521
137. Hunter, Tom 875445
138. James, Benjamin 830998
139. James, Billie 875301
140. James, George B. 875342
141. Johle, Elliott 894447
142. John, Charlie T. 875395
143. John, Leroy M. Sr. 448918
144. Johns, Edmund 448908
145. Johnny, Earl 830999
146. Johnson, Deswood R. 844625
147. Johnson, Francis T. 479772
148. Johnson, Johnnie 537164
149. Johnson, Peter 894412
150. Johnson, Ralph 990086
151. Jones, Jack 818548
152. Jones, Tom H. Jr. 831001
153. Jordan, David 831000
154. June, Floyd 479768
155. Keams, Percy 990028
156. Keedah, Wilson 894673
157. Kellwood, Joe H. 479704
158. Kescoli, Alonzo 875397
159. Ketchum, Bahe 875416
160. King, Jimmie 448910
161. Kinlacheeny, Paul 894414
162. Kinsel, John 448912
163. Kirk, George H. 831003
164. Kirk, Leo 585379
165. Kiyaani, Mike 894629
166. Kontz, Rex T. 448921
167. Lapahie, Harrison 831046
168. Largo, James 990095
169. Little, Keith M. 818629
170. Lopez, Tommy K. 831059
171. MacDonald, Peter 1000079
172. Malone, Max 894621
173. Malone, Rex 831101
174. Malone, Robert 831075
175. Maloney, James 990085
176. Maloney, Paul E. 875431
177. Manuelito, Ben C. 479800
178. Manuelito, Ira 831005
179. Manuelito, James C. 831060
180. Manuelito, Peter 1000234
181. Marianito, Frank 936841
182. Mark, Robert 990093
183. Martin, Matthew 894406
184. Martinez, Jose 894550
185. McCraith, Archibald 990110
186. Mike, King Paul 894671
187. Miles, General 990096
188. Moffitt, Tom Clah 894473
189. Morgan, Jack C. 830932
190. Morgan, Ralph 448920
191. Morris, Joe 894601
192. Moss, George 990093
193. Multine, Oscar P. 875314
194. Murphy, Calvin H. 875360
195. Nagurski, Adolph N. 875384
196. Nahkai, James T. Jr. 831006
197. Nakaidinae, Peter Sr. 479861
198. Napa, Martin Felix
199. Negale, Harding 936842
200. Newman, Alfred 831007
201. Nez, Arthur 1000176
202. Nez, Freeland 875252
203. Nez, Israel Hosteen 479769
204. Nez, Sidney 894511
205. Notah, Roy 448914
206. Notah, Willie Anthony 875300
207. O'Dell, Billy 479877
208. Oliver, Willard V. 831008
209. Paddock, Layton 479871
210. Pahe, Robert D. 831114
211. Parrish, Paul A. 416414
212. Patrick, Amos Roy 936843
213. Patterson, David Earl 831043
214. Peaches, Alfred James 875372
215. Peshlakai, Sam 894440
216. Peterson, Joe Sr. 1000089
217. Pinto, Gaul (Guy) 831047
218. Pinto, John Senator 990189
219. Platero, Richard 894460
220. Preston, Jimmie 479801
221. Reed, Sam 875369
222. Roanhorse, Harry C. 831011
223. Sage, Andy 831012
224. Sage, Denny 818604
225. Salabiye, Jerry E. 1000024
226. Sandoval, Peter P. 831088
227. Sandoval, Samuel F. 831013
228. Sandoval, Thomas 831014
229. Scott, John 875415
230. Sells, John C. 936956
231. Shields, Freddie 894442
232. Shorty, Dooley 1000177
233. Shorty, Robert T. 831049
234. Silversmith, Joe A. 831015
235. Silversmith, Sammy 831050
236. Singer, Oscar Jones 990122
237. Singer, Richard 479774
238. Skeet, Wilson Chee 1000081
239. Slinkey, Richard T. 479727
240. Slivers, Albert J. Sr. 990068
241. Smiley, Arcenio 894508
242. Smith, Albert 831062
243. Smith, George 831063
244. Smith, Raymond R. 857535
245. Smith, Samuel Jesse 831073
246. Soce, George B. 831016
247. Sorrell, Benjamin G. 448905
248. Spencer, Harry 990197
249. Tabaha, Johnnie 990076
250. Tah, Alfred 479831
251. Tah, Edward 894676
252. Talley, John N. 831017
253. Tallsalt, Bert 990082
254. Thomas, Edward 990129
255. Thomas, Richard 894520
256. Thompson, Clare M. 875458
257. Thompson, Everett M. 818518
258. Thompson, Francis T. 537182
259. Thompson, Frank T. 403057
260. Todacheene, Carl Leon 831018
261. Todacheene, Frank Carl 990105
262. Tohe, Benson 537165
263. Toledo, Curtis 831051
264. Toledo, Frank 479759
265. Toledo, Preston 479757
266. Toledo, Willie 479756
267. Towne, Joseph H. 479721
268. Towne, Zane 479770
269. Tso, Chester H. 894413
270. Tso, Howard B. 894677
271. Tso, Paul Edward 990071
272. Tso, Samuel 818546
273. Tsosie, Alfred 831019
274. Tsosie, Cecil G. 831020
275. Tsosie, Collins D. 831021
276. Tsosie, Kenneth 831025
277. Tsosie, Samuel Sr. 479913
278. Upshaw, John 990099
279. Upshaw, William 875364
280. Vandever, Joe 831026
281. Wagner, Oliver 990162
282. Wallace, Stephan P. 1000022
283. Walley, Robert 831027
284. Werito, John 831052
285. Whitman, Lyman J. 894466
286. Willetto, Frank, Jr. 831029
287. Willetto, Frankie Chee 894509
288. Williams, Alex 875338
289. Williams, Kenneth 875370
290. Willie, George B. 875408
291. Woody, Clarence Bahi 990092
292. Yazhe, Ernest 448949
293. Yazhe, Harrison A. 875363
294. Yazza, Peter 875442
295. Yazza, Vincent 1000109
296. Yazzie, Clifton 894593
297. Yazzie, Daniel 831030
298. Yazzie, Eddie Melvin 521223
299. Yazzie, Edison Kee 875390
300. Yazzie, Felix 416408
301. Yazzie, Francis 1000101
302. Yazzie, Frank H. 990101
303. Yazzie, Harding 894480
304. Yazzie, Harold 537154
305. Yazzie, Joe Shorty 830962
306. Yazzie, John 990113
307. Yazzie, Justin D. 1000126
308. Yazzie, Lemuel Rev. 990062
309. Yazzie, Ned 990112
310. Yazzie, Pahe Denet 479773
311. Yazzie, Raphael 831053
312. Yazzie, Robert 831031
313. Yazzie, William 875347
314. Yellowhair, Leon 990100
315. Yellowhair, Stanley 818600
316. Yellowman, Howard 831032
317. Yoe, George 990119
318. Zah, Henry 894551