Mr. Speaker, May 17, 2004 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the landmark ``Brown v. Topeka Board of Education'' decision ordering the desegregation of U.S. schools. This court ruling effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in…
Mr. Speaker, May 17, 2004 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the landmark ``Brown v. Topeka Board of Education'' decision ordering the desegregation of U.S. schools. This court ruling effectively denied the legal basis for segregation in Kansas and 20 other States with segregated schools and forever changed race relations in the United States. Brown v. Board laid the precedent for ending all segregation. Very few Supreme Court decisions have impacted our nation's history as much as Brown v. Board.
This important anniversary was celebrated in Topeka, Kansas with the formal opening of a new national park--the Brown v. Board National Historic Site at Topeka's once-segregated Monroe Elementary School. In conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary celebrations, Washburn University hosted an interdisciplinary academic conference, ``Telling the Story: Narrating Brown v. Board,'' May 18-20, 2004, and invited proposals for twenty-minute paper presentations on the full range of themes suggested by the Brown decision. Professor of History, Philip A. Grant, Jr. of Pace University was accepted to deliver his paper entitled ``Midwestern Press Reactions to the 1954 `Brown' Decision,'' at the conference ``Telling the Story: Narrating Brown v. Board'' at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas on May 19, 2004.
Since the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and declared an end to legal segregation, this country has made great progress, especially in the area of racial relations, but there is more work to be done. In order for us to continue to make this country a better place in which to live, we must remember the past. I believe that Professor Grant has brought to light the importance of Brown v. Board as seen by newspapers of the Midwest at the time of the decision. I ask that his entire paper be made a part of the Record so that all the American people, not just those who attended the conference last month, may have the benefit of his historical insight. [Paper recited at the ``Telling the Story: Narrating Brown v. Board'' conference at Washburn University, May 19, 2004]
Midwestern Press Reaction to the 1954 ``Brown'' Decision
(By Philip A. Grant, Jr.)
On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court issued its
historic ``Brown v. Board of Education'' decision. In a
unanimous opinion the nation's highest tribunal decreed
segregation in public elementary and secondary schools
unconstitutional. By every standard the ``Brown'' ruling
ranked as one of the most significant developments in the
long and eventful history of our federal court system. Indeed
there is ample evidence to warrant the conclusion that the
``Brown'' decision generated more controversy than any
previous Supreme Court verdict.
The ``Brown'' decision attracted prime news coverage
throughout the Midwest, a twelve state region extending from
Lake Erie in northeastern Ohio to the Kansas-Colorado line
more than thirteen hundred miles to the West. Moreover, a
substantial majority of midwestern newspapers opted to
editorialize on the ``Brown'' ruling.
Among the daily publications printing editorials on the
``Brown'' decision were the Cleveland Plain Dealer,
Cincinnati Enquirer, Detroit Free Press, Indianapolis Star,
Chicago Tribune, Milwaukee Journal, Saint Louis Post-
Dispatch, Kansas City Star, Des Moines Register, and
Minneapolis Tribune. These newspapers circulated in ten of
the Midwest's major population centers.
The Plain Dealer asserted that for a number of states ``a
greater challenge in the form of `thall shall not' could
hardly have been issued than the Supreme Court ruling against
Negro segregation in public schools.'' Convinced that the
Supreme Court ``could not have ruled otherwise than it did on
the basic issue,'' the Plain Dealer believed that the Negroes
had ``earned the right to be treated as first-class citizens
and earned it the hard way.''
Perceiving that the ``Brown'' decision ``probably will
prove to be the most important judicial finding in the field
of racial relations in our entire national history,'' the
Enquirer ascertained that it would ``work profound changes in
a substantial part of the United States--not confined to the
South by any means.'' The Cincinnati newspaper concluded:
``What the justices have done is simply to act as the
conscience of the American nation.''
The Free Press, definitely endorsing the thrust of the
``Brown'' decision, claimed that the people of the country
``who cherish the belief that the American system of
democracy is a vital, living organic philosophy, steadily but
inexorably, advancing toward the ideals of the founders of
the Union, will be heartened by the unanimous opinion of the
Supreme Court.'' While conceding that the ``Brown'' ruling
would ``not of itself abolish prejudice nor raise all
Americans to the exalter status of men created in the image
of their maker,'' the Free Press maintained: ``But it does
mark a step in that direction, a step toward fulfillment of
man's dream that all men are created equal, and that under a
more perfect government of laws they can attain to dignity
and all its inherent rights.''
Extolling the Supreme Court for having upheld ``a vital
principle of individual equality under the law,'' the Star
argued that segregation was ``morally, practically
and economically evil'' and denied ``the brotherhood of
man upon which our whole form of constitutional government
is based.'' While concerned that no provision of the
Constitution granted the federal courts ``the right to
establish or control educational systems,'' the Star
contended:
``Morally, we believe the Supreme Court was right in
calling for an end to segregation. It is fortunate that this
decision was unanimous for the full authority of the court
will carry great weight with the Southern states, who now
oppose its view. We hope the states opposing this ruling will
accept it in good spirit and earnestly try to meet its
demands. We hope Federal authorities will give the states
time, and sympathetic assistance in making this conversion.
And we hope that any demagogue, white or colored, who tries
to inflame public opinion by using this explosive issue will
be properly rebuffed by the overwhelming majority of the good
people in our states.''
While admitting that it was doubtful whether the South
would abide by the court's decision, the Tribune was
optimistic that the unanimous ruling ``should help a good
deal to discourage resistance to the finding or attempts to
evade its plain meaning.'' The Tribune, commending the
Supreme Court for having ``struck down segregation in the
public schools of the United States,'' declared:
``The principle established by this decision is not that
anybody has to give up any of his prejudices, no matter how
desirable it might be that he do so. The principle is the
much simpler one that the state governments, north and south,
must regard all men as created equal so far as opportunities
at the disposal of the state are concerned. The idea may
appear dangerously novel to some citizens, but the Supreme
Court didn't invent it. Indeed, they can be said to have
borrowed it from a distinguished Virginian named Thomas
Jefferson.''
The Journal, analyzing the ``Brown'' ruling as the ``most
far reaching court decision on the racial issue since
emancipation,'' anticipated that the decision would
``revolutionize the school set-up in the South and, in
effect, the racial relationships there are bound to be felt
outside the classrooms.'' Surmising that the consequences of
the ``Brown'' verdict would impact the entire country, the
Journal stated:
``. . . It apparently knocked the last legal prop from any
official discrimination against Negroes or other minority
groups because of color, race or religion. It banishes any
legal recognition of second class citizenship for the members
of such groups.''
Impressed that the ``Brown'' ruling was unanimous and
written in direct and persuasive language, the Milwaukee
newspaper was pleased that there ``could be no doubt about
the intent or the logic and reasoning supporting the
decision.''
Feeling that there was ``no need to say just how
important'' the ``Brown'' ruling was, the Post-Dispatch also
emphasized that there was ``no point in explaining it today
as the most momentous since the Dred Scott decision handed
down almost a century ago, on the eve of the Civil War.'' The
Post-Dispatch, pointing out that the substance of the
``Brown'' verdict was of ``transcendent importance,''
predicted that the decision would have its ``impact in one
way or another on every community, in every city'' and
``in less time than we are apt to think around the
world.''
The Star, recognizing that the ``Brown'' decision ``sets
the goal'' of ending racial segregation in all public
schools, stressed that the principle involved in the Supreme
Court ruling ``now controls for the future'' and ``is the law
of the land.'' Warning that there ``can be no cheating or
blocking'' the objective proclaimed by the Supreme Court, the
Star offered the following appraisal:
``The breakdown in segregation since World War II has come
a step at a time and generally without friction. The Supreme
Court's ruling basically is no more drastic than the trend of
our times that produced it. Now that the principle is
established the future calls for more of the good sense and
understanding of racial problems that has generally
prevailed.''
Praising the Supreme Court for having ``begun the erasure
of one of American democracy's blackest marks,'' the Register
rejoiced that the nation's ``basic law on public education
has been brought into line with the ringing spirit of freedom
and equality in the Declaration of Independence.'' While
gratified that the ``Brown'' decision decreed that racial
segregation constituted a denial of equal educational
opportunities, the Register asserted:
``The Supreme Court decision will ease America's
conscience. The strong cry of `hypocrite' from colored folks
all over the world has been heard in Des Moines and in
Mobile. But America's conscience will not be cleared until
her practice measures up to the noble words of the court
decision.''
The Tribune, sensing that the ``Brown'' ruling would ``be
welcomed and embraced by all who believe in the
constitutional guarantee of equal rights meaning just that,
and nothing less,'' suspected that the decision would ``echo
far beyond our borders and may greatly influence our
relations with dark-skinned people the world over.''
Concerned that the ``Brown'' verdict posed ``one troublesome
immediate question,'' the Tribune asked: ``What will be done
in the southern states where political leaders have been most
militant in opposing the end of segregation?'' While
wondering whether the political spokesmen of the South would
``persist in their attitudes,'' the Minneapolis newspaper was
``inclined toward the optimistic view.''
There was a consensus within the ranks of the major
newspapers of the Midwest that the Supreme Court had acted
wisely and responsibly in issuing the historic ``Brown''
ruling. While newspapers tended to analyze the ``Brown''
decision from somewhat different perspectives, they all
agreed that the objective proposed by the Supreme Court was
entirely consistent with the nation's long overdue quest for
racial equality. In expressing their attitudes on an issue of
overriding importance the daily publications of the Midwest
were contributing to a dialogue with their readers and
historians of the future.