S.Res. 281Senate119th Congress (2025-2027)In Committee

A resolution commemorating the 95th anniversary of the enactment of the Tariff Act of 1930.

Introduced June 17, 2025

AI-Generated Summary

Updated November 23, 2025 at 11:54 PM UTC

S.Res. 281 is a Senate resolution that commemorates the 95th anniversary of the 1930 Tariff Act, commonly known as the Smoot‑Hawley Tariff. It highlights how the act’s high tariffs contributed to the Great Depression and underscores the benefits of an open, rules‑based international trading system. The resolution calls on the Senate to remember this history and to support trade policies that foster economic growth and avoid past protectionist errors.

Key Provisions

  • The Senate will mark the 95th anniversary of the 1930 Tariff Act (the Smoot‑Hawley Tariff) as a time to reflect on the effects of protectionist policies.
  • It states that the 1930 Tariff Act was a major factor in causing the Great Depression.
  • The resolution affirms that a rules‑based, open‑trade system benefits U.S. farmers, manufacturers, construction firms, and consumers by lowering costs, expanding product choices, and opening foreign markets.
  • It pledges to support trade and economic policies that promote growth and avoid repeating past protectionist mistakes.

Legislative Activity

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1 earlier action
SenateIntro Referral Latest Action

Referred to the Committee on Finance. (text: CR S3437-3438)

June 17, 2025

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SenateIntro Referral

Introduced in Senate

June 17, 2025

SenateIntro Referral

Referred to the Committee on Finance. (text: CR S3437-3438)

June 17, 2025

Floor Debate

24 members

What members said about S.Res. 281 on the floor

13 Republicans11 Democrats
Tom Cole
Rep. Tom ColeR-OK-4 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, pursuant to House Resolution 873, I call up the bill (H.R. 5371) making continuing appropriations and extensions for fiscal year 2026, and for other purposes, with the Senate amendment…

Hakeem S. Jeffries
Rep. Hakeem S. JeffriesD-NY-8 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank the distinguished gentlewoman, the top Democrat on the House Appropriations Committee, for yielding and for her steadfast leadership on behalf of working families and hardworking…

Rosa L. DeLauro
Rep. Rosa L. DeLauroD-CT-3 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself 7 minutes. Mr. Speaker, I rise in opposition to this bill that does nothing, not one thing to address the Republican healthcare crisis amid a cost-of- living crisis. More…

Joe Courtney
Rep. Joe CourtneyD-CT-2 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, there are many flaws in the hastily written Senate Republican Continuing Resolution, before us today. The most egregious is the Continuing Resolution's failure to ``continue'' tax…

Steve Scalise
Rep. Steve ScaliseR-LA-1 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank my friend from Oklahoma (Mr. Cole), the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, for not only yielding but bringing this important bill to the floor. Our appropriators worked…

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Maria Cantwell
Sen. Maria CantwellD-WA · Jun 17, 2025

Mr. President, I am here too to focus on some history and a resolution. Today is the 95th anniversary of one of the worst economic policies our country ever made: the Smoot-Hawley tariffs. Don't just…

Suzanne Bonamici
Rep. Suzanne BonamiciD-OR-1 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I rise today in opposition to this Continuing Resolution. Although I support opening the government after this devastating 43-day shutdown, I will not support a bill that will continue…

Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Rep. Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.D-GA-2 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, as ranking member of the Agriculture, Rural Development, and Food and Drug Administration Subcommittee, I rise to oppose this bill. Though it does represent, for the most part, solid…

Nancy Mace
Rep. Nancy MaceR-SC-1 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, while I support the Senate Amendment to H.R. 5371, which puts an end to the Democrats' reckless and unnecessary 43- day government shutdown, I strongly oppose Section 781 of this bill,…

Debbie Wasserman Schultz
Rep. Debbie Wasserman SchultzD-FL-25 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for yielding. Mr. Speaker, I rise to oppose this slush fund for Senators bill that will force healthcare costs to explode for millions of Americans. In fact, this…

Nancy Pelosi
Rep. Nancy PelosiD-CA-11 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, and a grandmother. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for yielding, Madam Chair once and the future chair of the Committee on Appropriations. I thank her for her leadership and her…

Lisa C. McClain
Rep. Lisa C. McClainR-MI-9 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, God, I love the compassion and the passion on the other side of the aisle. Democrats are worried about taking money from families. Well, you know what? You all can do the right thing and…

Mike Johnson
Rep. Mike JohnsonR-LA-4 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank my friend, Chairman Cole, who has done an extraordinary job in this process. Mr. Speaker, we all know why we are here. House Democrats voted to shut down the government. It was…

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Andy Harris
Rep. Andy HarrisR-MD-1 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of the Senate amendment to H.R. 5371, which will finally put an end to the Democrat-led government shutdown. Millions of Americans have suffered because Democrats…

Adriano Espaillat
Rep. Adriano EspaillatD-NY-13 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I rise today in strong opposition to the Senate's amendment to H.R. 5371 because, once again, the Senate has put other interests ahead of those of the American people. Today's backroom…

Katherine M. Clark
Rep. Katherine M. ClarkD-MA-5 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, Donald Trump said the cost- of-living crisis is fake news, ``a con job by the Democrats.'' Mr. Speaker, 60 percent of Americans can't afford a basic quality of life, 45 percent have had…

John R. Carter
Rep. John R. CarterR-TX-31 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank my longtime friend and colleague and the chairman of Appropriations Committee, Mr. Cole, for yielding me the time. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 5371. I look forward to…

Dan Newhouse
Rep. Dan NewhouseR-WA-4 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank Chairman Cole for yielding me time. Mr. Speaker, over 40 days after the Senate Democrats shut down the Federal Government, we are finally reopening. The result of the shutdown…

Daniel Meuser
Rep. Daniel MeuserR-PA-9 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I thank Chairman Cole for his leadership. Mr. Speaker, if this were a library, we would have the fiction side over there and the nonfiction side over here. The only thing that is not…

Jodey C. Arrington
Rep. Jodey C. ArringtonR-TX-19 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, the Democrats rejecting a clean CR, shutting the government down, creating all of the havoc, the pain and suffering for our fellow Americans is so obviously disingenuous. They never vote…

Lance Gooden
Rep. Lance GoodenR-TX-5 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, throughout this sham and shame of a shutdown, we have heard so many lies from the Democrats. Over the last 45 days, and especially the last 45 minutes, I have heard them say this is an…

Riley M. Moore
Rep. Riley M. MooreR-WV-2 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to support the Senate amendment to H.R. 5371, which includes full funding for the legislative branch. I am honored to serve as the vice chairman of the Legislative Branch…

Tim Moore
Rep. Tim MooreR-NC-14 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, as we take up the Senate- passed bill to reopen the government, I want to clarify that we should be proceeding through regular order before taking any action that could potentially…

Richard E. Neal
Rep. Richard E. NealD-MA-1 · Nov 12, 2025

Mr. Speaker, the destruction that is taking place in America's healthcare system during these 10 months is unbelievable. They have eviscerated the National Institutes of Health. They have cut back on…

Bill Text

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Introduced in SenateIssued June 17, 2025

III

119th CONGRESS

1st Session

S. RES. 281

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

June 17, 2025

Ms. Cantwell (for herself, Mrs. Shaheen, and Mr. Welch) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Finance

RESOLUTION

Commemorating the 95th anniversary of the enactment of the Tariff Act of 1930.

Whereas, on June 17, 1930, President Hoover signed into law the Tariff Act of 1930 (commonly known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930);

Whereas the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 raised tariffs on goods imported into the United States in an attempt to protect farmers and manufacturers in the United States from foreign competition;

Whereas the Senate Historical Office has characterized the passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 as among the most catastrophic acts in congressional history;

Whereas the sudden and steep increase in tariffs encouraged retaliation by foreign countries, including major trading partners such as Canada and countries in Europe, which responded by raising their own tariffs on goods imported from the United States, triggering a dramatic reduction in international trade;

Whereas the resulting retaliatory tariffs contributed to a substantial decline in farm and manufacturing exports from the United States, which plummeted from $5,240,000,000 in 1929 to $1,670,000,000 in 1933, a 68 percent drop, according to records kept by the Bureau of the Census;

Whereas the tariffs contributed to anti-United States sentiment in foreign countries, leading to consumer boycotts in Canada, France, Spain, Italy, and other countries;

Whereas the effects of the tariffs and counter-tariffs contributed to the Great Depression, during which global trade decreased by as much as 60 percent;

Whereas the effects of the tariffs were amplified by deflation, causing the gross domestic product of the United States to fall from $104,600,000,000 in 1929 to $57,000,000,000 in 1933, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis;

Whereas the unemployment rate spiked from 3.2 percent in 1929 to a peak of approximately 23 percent in 1932, before decreasing slightly to 21 percent in 1933, according to the Journal of Economic Perspectives of the American Economic Association;

Whereas, after the tariffs were imposed, the trade surplus of the United States declined because exports fell more than imports;

Whereas, in 1934 Congress directed the President to reduce tariff rates applied by the United States and to seek reductions in tariffs applied to exports from the United States through the Act entitled An Act to amend the Tariff Act of 1930, enacted June 12, 1934 (73 Stat. 943, chapter 474) (commonly known as the Reciprocal Tariff Act), and later Acts that provided the President with trade negotiating objectives and tariff proclamation authority;

Whereas tariffs were decreased in the United States and abroad, falling in the United States from a trade-weighted average of 19.8 percent in 1933 to 6.9 percent by 1950, and continuing to fall afterwards as a result of multilateral trade agreements; and

Whereas the United States has since benefitted substantially from an open and rules-based international trading system that promotes innovation and growth, lowers input costs for goods manufactured in the United States, reduces consumer prices, supports supply chain resiliency, and enables the United States to maintain an export market valued at more than $3,000,000,000,000; Now, therefore, be it

That the Senate—

(1)

observes the 95th anniversary of the enactment of the Tariff Act of 1930 (commonly known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930) as a moment of historical reflection on the consequences of protectionist economic policies;

(2)

views the Tariff Act of 1930 as a significant contributor to the Great Depression;

(3)

affirms the importance of rules-based trade policy that reduces production costs for farmers, manufacturers, and construction firms in the United States, strengthens international economic cooperation, helps provide consumers in the United States with a larger variety of affordable goods, and opens up vast foreign markets to exports from the United States; and

(4)

commits to encouraging trade and economic policies that encourage economic growth and avoid the repetition of historic policy mistakes.