Floor Statements

Mr. Speaker, due to unavoidable circumstances, I missed one vote on Tuesday, July 21, 2026. Had I been present, I would have voted Nay on Roll Call No. 259.

Mr. Speaker, during Roll Call Vote No. 276 on H.R. 8800, I mistakenly recorded my vote as AYE when I should have voted NO.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, let me start by saying that we all care about community banks and credit unions.

For that reason, I was pleased to work with Chair Hill on a package of community bank provisions included in our landmark housing bill, the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act.

Now, even though Trump refused to sign it, that legislation has become the law of the land. That law not only will get America back in the business of

building housing, but it will help community lenders provide mortgages and other types of financing to support the American Dream of homeownership.

Importantly, that bill did not have handouts. It did not have handouts for megabanks, Big Tech, payday lenders, debt collectors, or credit bureaus. That is not the case for the bill that is before us today.

H.R. 6955 is Wall Street deregulation--that is what it is--hiding as a community bank bill. This package is made up of 24 Republican bills with just two Democratic bills.

Today, we mark the 16th anniversary of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act being signed into law. That is the law that bears the name of the late great and former Chairman Barney Frank. Unlike President Trump, President Obama knew when to sign a good bill when he saw it.

That law was passed in response to the 2008 financial crisis when, in case my Republican colleagues have forgotten, millions of Americans lost their jobs, their homes, and their life savings.

Yet, H.R. 6955 ignores these lessons and rolls back a long list of safeguards and oversight of the largest banks. Importantly, the Nation is grappling with an affordability crisis and surge in financial scams and fraud, costing consumers tens of billions of dollars. This was all made worse when Trump shut down the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Voting for H.R. 6955 would add insult to injury by thwarting a future CFPB from issuing rules, such as fixing credit reporting or reining in debt collectors or abusive medical debt practices. Maybe that is the point.

Interestingly, Rules Committee Chairwoman Foxx said the quiet part out loud yesterday. She confessed that Republicans love deregulation. That is what this bill is all about. It is not affordability and not protecting consumers. It is about deregulation for Wall Street's megabanks.

Mr. Speaker, what is more is that this bill ignores lessons from the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and other regional banks just 3 years ago. Those large regional banks failed after Congress rolled back capital, liquidity, and other rules specifically for those banks.

Nevertheless, this bill allows even more of these large banks to escape critical safeguards, which risks even more failures and harm to Americans and small businesses.

If H.R. 6955 were to become law, it would be the most sweeping deregulation of Wall Street since the 2008 financial crisis.

Two sections of the bill, sections 203 and 204, amend 15 different banking and consumer protection laws and would increase more than 40 different regulatory thresholds. There are so many laws being rolled back. The committee report for this bill is over 600 pages long, mostly to show how all these different laws are amended.

In fact, the sponsors of this bill were so zealous to raise thresholds that they increased two thresholds that will aid bad actors who commit fraud against a bank or a large financial institution.

You can't make this up. There is a provision that will increase the amount that individuals can defraud a bank or future AIG by and then get government money to buy those failed assets for their own benefit.

The largest labor union in the U.S., the AFL-CIO, and consumer advocates like Americans for Financial Reform and others wrote a letter saying that taken together, these changes would be more damaging than the sum of their parts, leaving the financial system dramatically weaker and more vulnerable to instability and crisis.

Now, Republicans made some technical changes at the request of Trump regulators, but let me give you another example of what they didn't fix.

Wells Fargo, which many of you may remember created millions of fake consumer accounts and has been the subject of countless enforcement actions for consumer harm, like discrimination and anti-money- laundering deficiency, would have a new tool to delay future enforcement actions when consumers have been harmed.

Mr. Speaker, instead of letting Wall Street put Americans and our economy at risk again, we should be addressing the affordability crisis caused by Trump's failed economic policies and endless war with Iran.

Mr. Speaker, I urge Members to oppose this bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman from New York (Ms. Velazquez), the ranking member of the Committee on Small Business.

Mr. Speaker, I yield an additional 30 seconds to the gentlewoman from New York.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Let me be clear: Dodd-Frank has not led to bank consolidation. That trend began when Congress repealed Glass-Steagall almost 30 years ago. What Dodd-Frank has done is ensure the longest stretch of economic growth in a generation. The threat to community banks is not Dodd- Frank, but it is to repeal it and return to their needless days, reckless days that led to the 2008 financial crisis.

Just last week, we passed my bill as part of the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act. My bill eased the requirements on new banks. H.R. 6955, however, would set new banks up for failure. In fact, the bill undermines much of what we were trying to accomplish when we worked together in a bipartisan way.

What we have to do at this point in time is understand a provision of the housing bill that was carefully negotiated. Mr. Speaker, I thought we all were supposed to be in support of the housing bill. Everybody raved about the greatness of it. Now, 10 days after it became law, now some on the opposite side of the aisle are already trying to undo the bill.

Now, this bill will actually make it easier for more, not less consolidation. The bill is bad for new banks but great for megabanks.

Let me just say this: We all talk about loving community banks. I want you to know it is not the talk about loving community banks, it is action and what we do for or against them. I want you to know the big megabanks don't even want them in their doors. They don't even want to have those working behind the counter serving us. They have you serving from outside the bank.

When you can get in touch with them, I want you to know, you have got to go through a hell of a menu to try to talk with someone that maybe in a community bank you can talk to.

Do you know why we love community banks? It is because they understand the community. They know the people in the community. They work with you when you have a problem.

The megabanks don't know you, don't care about you, don't do anything to assist you, and hope you can't get through their menus in order to speak with anybody.

I say, it is not a lot of talk about loving community banks. It is action and what you do.

Now, then you come in here talking about how much you love the community banks, yet you know that you can't get the deregulation that you are doing unless you hid behind the community banks. If you love the community banks, all you have got to do is work with us to separate the regulations in a way that it does not undermine the community banks.

If you want to be fair, charge all your big friends and all the big banks everything they should be charged with regulation.

This is about whether or not you are going to use your power to literally undo what we have worked so hard to do to give the average person a decent chance with a bank, and that is community banks.

Mr. Speaker, I am asking for a ``no'' vote on this bill because, in the final analysis, I know that if you get away with these deregulations, we are going to have consolidation. It will only be five banks, almost only five big banks in the country that control everything. I am asking for a ``no'' vote, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman from Texas (Ms. Garcia), who is a big supporter of community banks.

Mr. Speaker, may I inquire how much time for each side is remaining.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I will mention again one of the atrocities that I have been able to experience working on these issues.

Again, Wells Fargo was fined $3.7 billion just a few years ago for widespread mismanagement of automobile loans and mortgages. Their actions included unlawful fees and even repossession of cars.

Now, someone would say, $3.7 billion, well, I want you to know they make so much money that is just a cost of doing business. They will keep doing it if we keep allowing them to get away with what they are trying to get away with today.

If my friend wants a guarantee that this bill helps Wells Fargo, then he should support Ms. Garcia's amendment that says that megabanks can't benefit from this bill, but I guess he won't.

After all, my friend knows that today is Dodd-Frank's birthday, and he is the skunk at the party. There is so much that we could point out that the average citizen knows in dealing with their banks. The average citizen is tired of being treated in the way that they are treated by their banks.

I tell my friend that he is correct in the support that he did for the big bill that Mr. Hill and I worked so hard on. We have a lot in that bill.

But let me point out one of the things in that bill that gives us cause to be concerned. Right now, Mr. Speaker, if you find a residence that you would like to buy, particularly if you are in a rural community, or you may be a low-income community, but you work every day and you can afford a house for maybe $90,000 to $100,000, the bank doesn't want to be bothered with you. The bank wants the big loans. The bank wants the million-dollar loans. They want the half-billion-dollar mortgages. They don't want the small mortgages.

Guess what, Mr. Speaker. They don't do them.

As a matter of fact, many communities where there are residents who could afford the houses in their community are sold out to private equity firms and others who come and buy these houses for pennies on the dollar, but they won't sell them to you, Mr. Speaker, because you don't look like a big profitmaker for them.

I am so pleased I worked with Mr. Hill, and we have done something to change that to encourage the banks to pay attention to those who can afford that $90,000 house, that $100,000 house, that $150,000 house, that $200,000 house. They are working every day. They can afford it, but the banks are not interested.

My friend tells me that we should not be concerned about deregulation that puts these banks in a position where they are not only moving toward consolidation, but they are taking over banking in ways that will help them to get richer and richer.

Guess what, Mr. Speaker. They will keep paying the fines, the big banks will, because that is the cost of doing business, and they still make money. This is outrageous. This is ridiculous.

No more deregulation. No more looking at how you can frame it in such a way, Mr. Speaker, that you are saving the community banks. Mr. Speaker, you are not saving the community banks. As a matter of fact, you are putting them out of business.

Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, proponents say this bill is just for community banks, but here we have another example of the Big Banks sneaking in their rollbacks.

I have four postings from the Bank Policy Institute, which represents all of the largest banks, like Wells Fargo. These postings advocate for indexing regulatory thresholds to nominal GDP instead of inflation. Why? It allows more and more banks to escape regulatory scrutiny.

This bill will give Trump's regulators--and only Trump's regulators-- the opportunity to index 40 different thresholds to let large banks off the hook. Wall Street is making record profits while they are helping them.

Mr. Speaker, for those of us who really care about community banks, we want to keep them because they service their communities in a more profound way. Again, I will repeat: They know and understand when you have a problem, you can call a big bank and you will find nobody. You will go through different menus that they have, but you will not be able to walk into the bank and talk to somebody sitting at a desk who will help you with your problem. Do I have to say more?

Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, a wide variety of labor, consumer, and civil rights groups are strongly opposed to this bill. Let me read from one of the letters we received: ``The National Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC) and our network of 700+ community organizations urge Members to oppose H.R. 6955, the Main Street Capital Access Act and vote no on the House floor.''

That is what we are being urged to do by our supporters.

``H.R. 6955 is a broad bank deregulation package that would weaken fair lending transparency, community accountability, bank supervision, and merger review. The bill would reduce the tools regulators and communities rely on to detect redlining, monitor access to credit, evaluate bank mergers, prevent harmful consolidation, and hold financial institutions accountable to the people they serve.''

The signers of the letters don't just come from blue States but from all over the United States of America. This includes Build WyCo from the great State of Kansas. We also have Building Neighborhoods Together in Pennsylvania, Fair Housing Center of Northern Alabama, and Freedom Equity in Ohio. More signers include Georgia Advancing Communities Together, the Neighborhood Recovery Community Development Corporation in Texas, and the United States Broadway Corporation in New Mexico.

I could go on and on, but there is no time for that.

Mr. Speaker, I include in the Record the letter from NCRC.

National Community Reinvestment Coalition

July 21, 2026.

Re Oppose H.R. 6955, the Main Street Capital Access Act.

Hon. Hakeem Jeffries,

Democratic Leader, House of Representatives,

Washington, DC.

Hon. Katherine Clark,

Democratic Whip, House of Representatives,

Washington, DC.

Hon. Pete Aguilar,

Chair, House Democratic Caucus, House of Representatives,

Washington, DC.

Dear Leader Jeffries, Whip Clark, Chair Aguilar, and

Members of Democratic Leadership: The National Community

Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC) and our network of 700+

community organizations urge Members to oppose H.R. 6955, the

Main Street Capital Access Act and vote no on the House

floor.

H.R. 6955 is a broad bank deregulation package that would

weaken fair lending transparency, community accountability,

bank supervision and merger review. The bill would reduce the

tools regulators and communities rely on to detect redlining,

monitor access to credit, evaluate bank mergers, prevent

harmful consolidation and hold financial institutions

accountable to the people they serve.

NCRC appreciates the inclusion of CDFI-related provisions,

including CDFI Fund transparency and CDFI Bond Guarantee

Program improvements. However, those revisions do not fix the

bill's core problem: H.R. 6955 moves federal banking policy

in the wrong direction by weakening community accountability,

fair-lending transparency, merger review and supervisory

safeguards.

Earlier this year, NCRC urged a no vote when H.R. 6955 was

considered in committee. All Democratic members who were

present voted no in Committee: We urge you to continue that

opposition and vote no on the House floor.

1. H.R. 6955 would sharply limit monopoly and competition

review for mergers involving roughly 96 percent of all

banks.

Section 601 would prohibit federal banking regulators when

evaluating many mergers resulting in institutions below $10

billion in assets from engaging in a competition review and

thus they cannot consider whether the mergers would create

monopolies or substantially lessen competition. The latest

floor version preserves competition review where a

transaction would leave only one insured depository

institution with a physical presence in the area. This narrow

exception does not solve the problem and protects only

against the most extreme case, while preventing regulators

from reviewing many mergers that could still substantially

reduce competition, reduce branch access, or weaken small-

business, agricultural and consumer credit options in local

markets.

Because roughly 4,129 of the nation's 4,287 insured banks

(or approximately 96 percent) hold under $10 billion in

assets, this carveout would cover a large share of community

and regional bank merger activity. The problem is especially

acute in rural counties and smaller local markets. A merger

between two banks that are not nationally large can still

have significant local consequences. In many communities, the

loss of one local institution can mean fewer branches,

reduced small-business lending, less agricultural credit,

weaker customer service, and fewer banking choices.

NCRC conducted an analysis of every US county to assess the

impact of potential mergers between the two largest banks in

each county, with their combined assets being under $10

billion. NCRC found that 641 counties, predominantly rural,

would shift from competitive markets to highly concentrated

markets. In ten counties, one bank would control 100 percent

of all local deposits. According to the FDIC's Merger

Decisions Annual Report to Congress (2024), regulators

approved 61 regular bank-merger applications in 2023. Of

those, 57 out of the 61 would have resulted in institutions

less than $10 billion. Under H.R. 6955, many comparable

transactions would fall within the bill's competition-review

safe harbor, unless the narrow one-physical-depository-

institution MSA exception applied.

2. H.R. 6955 would weaken CRA, HMDA and fair lending

accountability

Section 204 would substantially reduce the tools

communities rely on to ensure fair access to credit and hold

banks accountable to local needs. The floor version no longer

uses the same mechanics as the committee-reported bill, but

the core concern remains: Section 204 would create an

automatic increase for statutory thresholds across consumer

and community-focused laws, including the Community

Reinvestment Act and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act.

Beginning in 2031 and every five years after that, Section

204 would require the Federal Reserve to raise the dollar

cutoffs in laws like CRA and HMDA that determine which banks

are subject to stronger reporting, examination and

accountability rules. The Fed would decide whether to base

those increases on nominal GDP or inflation.

That is the wrong test for community accountability.

Nominal GDP measures the size of the overall economy, while

CPI measures inflation. Neither one measures whether banks

are serving communities fairly, the rates of redlining, the

extent of market concentration, have sufficient data to

detect discrimination, and whether credit needs in LMI

communities are being met. A larger economy does not mean

community needs are being met.

The same problem applies to inflation indexing. Adjusting

thresholds for CPI may sound technical or even routine, but

in this context, this approach would still cause fair-lending

transparency to shrink automatically over time without any

finding that communities are being served fairly.

For NCRC and our members, the HMDA and CRA implications are

especially serious. HMDA data is one of the primary tools

used to detect redlining, evaluate whether lenders are

serving borrowers and neighborhoods fairly, and identify gaps

in mortgage access. CRA examinations are one of the few

mechanisms that require banks to demonstrate that they are

meeting the credit needs of their entire communities,

including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods.

3. H.R. 6955 would compress merger review and sideline

community evidence

Section 604 would set a fixed 120-day clock for certain

applications, beginning at the time of filing even if the

submission is incomplete. If the Federal Reserve fails to act

within that period, the application would be deemed granted.

That is a dangerous standard for complex bank transactions.

Merger review should focus on whether a transaction will

serve the convenience and needs of affected communities,

preserve access to banking services, protect consumers and

avoid harmful concentration. It should not be driven by an

artificial clock that rewards incomplete applications and

pressures regulators to approve deals quickly.

Section 604 would also restrict how regulators treat

information from outside parties when determining whether an

application is complete, potentially discounting community

and consumer evidence that is often essential to

understanding a transaction's

real-world impact. Community groups, local officials, small

businesses and affected residents are often able to identify

branch closure risks, fair lending concerns, weak CRA

performance or service gaps that are not evident from the

applicant's own submission.

4. H.R. 6955 focuses on how long merger approval takes,

instead of whether mergers benefit local economies.

Section 603 directs the Inspector General of each Federal

depository institution regulatory agency to conduct a study

every three years on the ``timeliness and efficiency'' of

merger approvals, including number of days it takes to

process merger applications and the identification of

``sources of delay.'' Merger applications warrant scrutiny to

evaluate their effect on each of the statutorily required

factors of review, including how a proposed combination will

serve the convenience and needs of the affected communities.

Studies show signs of decreased small business lending after

mergers, as well as lower rates paid to customers for

deposits. However, despite this evidence, practically all

merger applications are currently approved. Local economic

needs would be much better served by directing the agencies

to study the actual impacts of mergers and bank

consolidation, instead of counting days to pressure

regulators to make decisions faster.

Furthermore, concerns about the timeliness of merger

reviews appear to be unfounded. NCRC analyzed the approval

times of 18 merger applications submitted to the OCC in 2024.

As shown in the table below, we found that the median days

for approval after receipt of an application was 60 days, and

that the average was 84 days. In other words, about half of

these applications were approved 30 days after the end of a

30-day public comment period.

5. H.R. 6955 would pressure regulators to ignore reputational

risk

Section 304 would pressure federal banking agencies to

remove reputational risk from supervision. This provision is

framed as preventing regulators from using vague concepts to

pressure banks, but the practical effect would be to create

blind spots.

Reputational risk is not simply ``bad press.'' It can be a

warning sign of deeper institutional failures: predatory

lending, discriminatory treatment, abusive fees, money

laundering, fraud, weak compliance systems or repeated

consumer complaints. Regulators should not be forced to

ignore patterns of harm merely because those patterns also

damage a bank's reputation.

Communities often experience these harms before they show

up as capital problems. If regulators are barred from

considering reputational risk, they may lose an important

early-warning tool for identifying conduct that threatens

consumers, communities and the institution itself.

Congress should reject H.R. 6955

The bill's supporters argue that H.R. 6955 will help local

banks. What the bill actually does is weaken fair lending

transparency, reduce CRA and HMDA accountability, make bank

mergers easier, limit meaningful community input, and make

supervision more difficult.

NCRC is especially concerned that fair lending, CRA, HMDA

and consumer protection requirements are recast as regulatory

burdens rather than public accountability tools. These laws

exist because markets have not reliably served all

communities fairly. They help identify discrimination, credit

gaps, support enforcement, and ensure that banks receiving

public benefits meet public obligations.

For these reasons, we urge Members to oppose H.R. 6955 and

vote ``no'' on final passage.

Sincerely,

Jesse Van Tol,

President and CEO,

National Community Reinvestment Coalition.

Sign On Organizations and States

ACHD--Washington, ASIAN, Inc.--California, Brighton Park

Neighborhood Council--Illinois, Build WyCo--Kansas, Building

Neighborhoods Together, Inc.--Pennsylvania, California

Coalition for Rural Housing--California, CASA of Oregon--

Oregon, Ceiba--Pennsylvania, Community Development Network of

Maryland--Maryland, Community Housing Development

Corporation--California, Delaware Community Reinvestment

Action Council Inc.--Delaware, Development Finance Authority

of Summit County--Ohio, Economic Action Maryland Fund--

Maryland, Fair Finance Watch--New York, Fair Housing Center

of Northern Alabama--Alabama, Freedom Equity Inc.--Ohio,

Georgia Advancing Communities Together, Inc.--Georgia.

Help The People Programs, Inc--Georgia, Homes on the Hill

CDC--Ohio, Housing Education and Economic Development

(HEED)--Mississippi, Impact Hub Baltimore Inc.--Maryland,

Long Island Housing Services, Inc.--New York, Neighborhood

Recovery Community Development Corporation--Texas, New Jersey

Citizen Action--New Jersey, People's Opportunity Fund--

California, Philadelphia Association of Community Development

Corporations--Pennsylvania, Proud Ground--Oregon, Rural

Housing Coalition of New York--New York, South Dallas Fair

Park Innercity Community Development Corporation--Texas,

Southwest Community Development Corporation--Pennsylvania,

TCH Development Inc--Texas, United Ballot--Louisiana, United

South Broadway Corporation--New Mexico, Utah Housing

Coalition--Utah, Women's Economic Ventures--California.

Members have a choice today. Whose side are you on? Do you want to advance Donald Trump's deregulatory agenda to help out his wealthy friends on Wall Street, or are you on the side of working families, labor unions, consumers, and civil rights groups like those all over the country who just want equal and fair access to affordable financial products and services?

For many of you who have been in this struggle with banks, where you have tried to get help with all kinds of issues, I want you to, again, go to your bank where you have a problem--don't go because they are only available on the phone--and state your problem. See who you can get to talk to. See if you can get an appointment. See if you can get some answers to the questions that you have.

You can't do this with these big mega banks. They don't have time for you. They don't have time to listen to you talking about how you only have $200,000 and you want to buy this House around the corner. They are not interested in that.

They are interested in the big money. They are interested in not only providing the loans for those who are spending a half million or so on a bank that they are trying to use to get a house.

It is clear: The Big Banks are sick and tired of the way that they are being treated. They know they have a lot of power and a lot of friends in the Congress of the United States of America.

They don't know a new day is coming and a new way is coming. People are learning more and more why they have a right to be disturbed about the way that they are being treated.

I tell people: Don't be afraid to confront those Big Banks. Call us. Get your legislator to help you out. That is what we are supposed to do. Sometimes they can't find us.

Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I have another letter that says: ``This dangerous bank deregulation package would undermine core safeguards and supervision, push risk into the shadows, and make the next publicly financed bailout more likely. Further deregulation is especially alarming at a time when financial regulatory agencies are under political attack, pursuing industry-friendly agendas, and starved of resources, and when there is effectively no oversight of financial markets.''

It was signed by the AFL-CIO, Americans for Financial Reform, and dozens of others.

Mr. Speaker, I include this letter in the Record.

July 21, 2026.

Re Oppose bank deregulation package H.R. 6955, the Main

Street Capital Access Act or the Main Street Act.

Hon. Member of Congress,

House of Representatives,

Washington, DC.

Dear Representative: The 28 undersigned labor, civil

rights, democracy, consumer, housing, economic justice, and

public interest advocacy organizations are writing to oppose

H.R. 6955, the Main Street Capital Access Act or the Main

Street Act. This dangerous bank deregulation package would

undermine core safeguards and supervision, push risk into the

shadows, and make the next publicly financed bailout more

likely. Further deregulation is especially alarming at a time

when financial regulatory agencies are under political

attack, pursuing industry-friendly agendas, and starved of

resources, and when there is effectively no oversight of

financial markets.

H.R. 6955 treats bank rules as burdens to be minimized

rather than what they are: essential safeguards that reduce

the likelihood and severity of systemic risk, bank failures,

and publicly financed bailouts, while protecting consumers

from predatory practices, redlining, and other forms of

racial discrimination in lending.

Sections 201-204 would raise statutory thresholds, extend

``tailoring'' well beyond genuinely small and simple banks,

and hard-wire automatic future threshold increases. As a

result, fewer institutions, activities, and risks would

remain within baseline guardrails even as the financial

system grows more complex and interconnected. The combined

effect would be higher leverage and risk-taking, thinner

cushions against losses, and weaker prudential standards. It

would return the financial system to a pre-2008 pattern in

which risk migrates out of view, problems build for years at

midsize and large institutions, and the public is left

holding the bag when those institutions fail.

Sections 201-204 would raise statutory thresholds, expand

``tailoring'' well beyond genuinely small and simple banks,

and hard-wire automatic future threshold increases. As a

result, fewer institutions, activities, and risks would

remain inside baseline guardrails even as the system grows

more complex and interconnected. The combined effect is to

encourage higher leverage and risk-taking, thinner cushions

of safety, and looser prudential standards. It would return

the financial system to a pre-2008 pattern where risk

migrates out of view, problems build for years at midsize and

large institutions, and the public is left holding the bag

when things break.

The supervision and governance provisions in Sections 301-

304 and 401-403 would tie regulators' hands by narrowing what

examiners may consider, slowing supervisory action, and

giving banks more opportunities to appeal, contest, and delay

findings. At the same time, the bill would weaken

transparency and accountability, making it harder to detect

problems early and intervene before they turn into crises.

The competition and merchant banking provisions in Sections

601, 604, and 801 would add new stress points by accelerating

bank-fintech/crypto arrangements, and making it easier to

rubber stamp mergers and concentration--while expanding

merchant banking des that blur the line between banking and

commerce and increase conflicts of interest and complexity.

This radical legislation would compound an already

aggressive deregulatory spree at the Federal Reserve and

other banking agencies. Taken together, these changes would

be more damaging than the sum of their parts, leaving the

financial system dramatically weaker and more vulnerable to

instability and crisis. The provisions discussed below show

how H.R. 6955 would magnify ongoing agency deregulation and

dismantle safeguards needed to identify and contain risks

before they harm families, the financial system, and the

broader economy.

Section by section concerns

Sec. 201. Taking Account of Institutions with Low Operation

Risk.

This section would significantly weaken financial

regulation by mandating that agencies prioritize reducing

compliance costs for financial institutions over protecting

consumers and ensuring financial stability. The section would

create fertile ground for even large banks to challenge

regulations in court by claiming undue burden, potentially

overturning existing Dodd-Frank rules and hindering future

regulatory actions. Regulators already tailor rules based on

institution size and risk, which makes this legislation

unnecessary and potentially harmful by creating additional

legal and procedural barriers to effective oversight.

Sec. 202. Small Bank Holding Company Relief.

This section would double title consolidated asset

threshold under the Small Bank Holding Company and Savings

and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement from $3 billion to

$6 billion, posing risks to subsidiary small banks and the

financial system. This change would allow a broader range of

bank holding companies to operate with higher levels of debt

and be exempt from certain capital and leverage requirements,

particularly in order to facilitate mergers. The Federal

Reserve has long recognized that bank holding companies

should ``serve as a source of strength for their subsidiary

banks.'' Allowing parent holding companies to operate with

higher levels of debt would undermine that principle and,

instead of ``a source of strength,'' holding companies may

even drain the resources of the subsidiary banks in order to

service excessive debt. By allowing larger institutions to

operate under looser standards, this section could

dangerously incentivize increased leverage, reduce bank

safety and soundness, and accelerate bank consolidation.

Additionally, this threshold has already been eroded over the

past decade, raising it from $500 million to $1 billion in

2014, and again to $3 billion in 2018.

Sec. 203. Tailoring and Indexing Enhanced Regulations.

This section would establish automatic increases to asset

thresholds for enhanced prudential oversight every five

years, allowing problems to fester unaddressed in

increasingly large institutions that could have significant

systemic implications. The failures of Silicon Valley Bank

and First Republic demonstrate the danger of mechanically

raising asset thresholds--the last round of tailoring reduced

scrutiny of institutions whose failures ultimately required

extraordinary government intervention.

Sec. 204. Community Bank Regulatory Tailoring.

Under the pretext of relief for community banks, this

section would rewrite a wide swath of federal banking,

consumer financial protection, and fair lending laws by

mandating automatic increases of a broad range of statutory

thresholds every five years based on inflation or nominal

economic growth. The practical effect would be to steadily

and broadly expand the number and size of banks that are

excluded from regulatory oversight. The threshold increases

would inappropriately reduce compliance under statutes that

were designed for genuinely smaller and simpler banking

institutions with limited systemic footprint, and would

happen without any determination as to whether the affected

exemptions remain appropriate, whether the institutions have

become more complex or interconnected, or whether raising the

thresholds would create new supervisory gaps. Over time, this

section would reduce the number of institutions and

activities subject to baseline guardrails, weaken

transparency, increase conflicts of interest, and blunt early

warning and accountability tools embedded in the Federal

Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) framework. At a time of

overlapping risks, this kind of across-the-board threshold

inflation is likely to lead to supervisory and regulatory

gaps and obscure risk from view until it is too late--all

simply because the economy has grown or prices increased. The

result would be a banking system that is more opaque and less

resilient when conditions worsen--increasing financial

fragility and the probability that losses will need to be

socialized through emergency interventions or outright

bailouts.

Importantly, the automatic increases of supervisory

thresholds would include--and thus periodically erode--Home

Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) coverage and Community

Reinvestment Act (CRA) applicability, undermining fair

lending accountability and weakening critical tools that help

detect and deter redlining and other forms of racial

discrimination in mortgage and small business lending.

Sec. 301. Halting Uncertain Methods and Practices in

Supervision.

This section would undermine effective bank supervision by

restricting the CAMELS rating system to ``objective''

criteria only, sidelining important qualitative factors like

management quality and reputational risk. These factors are

essential in identifying and deterring harmful practices,

such as predatory lending, money laundering, and risky

environmental exposures. While not easily quantifiable, sound

management and public confidence have repeatedly proven vital

to bank stability, as evidenced by failures like Riggs Bank,

SVB, and Credit Suisse. The proposed changes would not

eliminate risk but would instead conceal real risks from

regulators, making supervision more mechanical and increasing

the likelihood of future financial crises.

Sec. 302. Fair Audits and Inspections for Regulators' Exams.

This section would significantly weaken bank supervision by

allowing bank to appeal any supervisory determination to a

new external ``Office of Independent Examination Review,''

which would conduct a de novo review without deference to the

original findings. This additional appeals process, layered

atop existing mechanisms, would enable banks, especially

large banks, to challenge numerous supervisory findings,

thereby impeding effective oversight. Such changes would

undermine the post-2008 financial crisis regulatory

framework, increasing systemic risks and exposing the public

to potential abuses. Robust supervision is necessary to

maintain financial stability and protect consumers, and this

section undermines it.

Addidonally, this section now includes new language that

would also allow banks, credit unions, executives, and other

institution-affiliated parties to move certain enforcement

and civil penalty proceedings from the appropriate regulator

to federal district court. This would give regulated firms

another avenue to delay and complicate enforcement,

increasing litigation costs and weakening regulators' ability

to address misconduct and unsafe practices promptly.

Sec. 304. Financial Integrity and Regulation Management.

This section would open the door and pressure regulators to

remove reputational risk considerations when assessing a

bank's safety and soundness. Reputational damage has

historically contributed to instability in major banks.

Eliminating consideration of reputational risk would hinder

regulators' ability to identify and mitigate risks,

potentially increasing the incidence of money laundering,

financial fraud and exploitation, national security threats,

and bank failures. Please also see this letter signed by 25

public interest organizations opposing the FIRM Act (H.R.

2702).

Sec. 401. FDIC Board Accountability.

This section would alter the criteria for serving on the

FDIC, reduce the consideration of consumer protection and

enforcement of consumer protection and consideration of

regulatory compliance.

Sec. 402. Stop Agency Fiat Enforcement of Guidance.

This section would require financial regulators to

emphasize that supervisory guidance is not legally binding

and that failure to follow guidance does not itself establish

a violation of law. Guidance is an important tool for

communicating supervisory expectations, identifying emerging

risks, and encouraging institutions to correct unsafe

practices before they become violations or crises. The

mandated disclaimer could encourage regulated firms to

disregard prudent supervisory expectations unless every

standard is first imposed through a lengthy formal rulemaking

or enforcement action, weakening regulators' ability to

respond quickly to developing risks.

Sec. 403. Regulatory Efficiency, Verification, Itemization,

and Enhanced Workflow.

This section would require financial regulators to conduct

more frequent reviews of existing rules and place greater

emphasis on cumulative compliance costs and regulatory

burdens. This would still institutionalize a recurring

deregulatory process that treats longstanding safeguards as

burdens to be minimized. These reviews could divert limited

agency resources from supervision and enforcement while

creating repeated opportunities for industry to weaken or

eliminate protections that remain necessary.

Sec. 601. Bank Competition Modernization.

This section would weaken scrutiny of bank mergers

involving institutions with less than $10 billion in assets

by directing regulators not to consider whether qualifying

transactions would substantially reduce competition or

restrain trade. This would permit greater consolidation in

many local and rural markets without a meaningful assessment

of the effects on prices, service quality, branch access, or

the availability of small-business and agricultural credit.

These anticompetitive problems will be more acute for those

with limited transportation and for services that are more

commonly received at community banks, like small business

loans and farm loans.

Sec. 604. Bank Failure Prevention.

This section would weaken oversight of bank mergers by

imposing a strict 120-day deadline--running from initial

submission, regardless of whether the record was complete--

for regulators to approve or deny applications, regardless of

whether the application is complete or all necessary

information has been provided. This would limit regulators'

ability to consider input from affected stakeholders and

properly evaluate the risks of consolidation. Bank merger

scrutiny needs to become more robust, and this section would

move in the opposite direction--further enabling a pattern of

rubber-stamping mergers, increasing costs for depositors,

customers, and small businesses as well as heightening

systemic risk.

Sec. 801. Merchant Banking Modernization.

This section would extend the alliance between the

megabanks and merchant banking that can create

anticompetitive problems and complex combinations of banking

and commerce, as happened when JPMorgan was charged with

manipulating aluminum prices through its merchant bank

affiliates' ownership of an aluminum warehouse. These

merchant banking partnerships are more likely to run afoul of

the mixing of banking and commerce and primarily benefit the

biggest banks. There is no need to extend this by 50 percent.

Moreover, it is deceptive to suggest that banks need merchant

banks to make affordable housing and small business

investments, because most banks can and do extend commercial

credit for these purposes already.

For the reasons above, we urge you to oppose this dangerous

deregulatory package and protect borrowers, small investors,

retirees, and the integrity and stability of our financial

system.

Sincerely,

African Community Housing & Development (ACHD), AFL-CIO,

Americans for Financial Reform, ASIAN. Inc., Communications

Workers of America (CWA), Community Housing Development

Corporation, Consumer Federation of America, Consumer

Reports, Delaware Community Reinvestment Action Council Inc.,

Fair Finance Watch, Freedom Equity Inc., Georgia Advancing

Communities Together, Inc., Indivisible, National Association

of Consumer Advocates.

National Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC), National

Consumer Law Center (on behalf of its low-income clients),

New Yorkers for Responsible Lending, Oregon Consumer Justice,

Oregon Consumer League, Proud Ground, Public Citizen, Rise

Economy, South Dallas Fair Park Innercity Community

Development Corporation, Strong Economy For All Coalition,

TCH Development, Inc, Transparency Task Force, Utah Housing

Coalition, Virginia Citizens Consumer Council.

Mr. Speaker, we know how to support community banks and credit unions. We just did that with our landmark housing bill, and I was pleased to work with the chairman of that committee, Mr. Hill. It became law just a few days ago and included five Republican bills and four Democratic ones that were focused on supporting community banks.

Now, here come Republicans to push for what they and their allies want: financial deregulation. This bill has 24 Republican provisions compared to just 2 from Democrats.

In fact, I am disappointed that my friends on the other side of the aisle are advancing provisions that even contradict our carefully crafted bipartisan agreement in the housing bill.

There is a provision in this bill on de novo banks that goes beyond our bipartisan deal, allowing regulators to decide whether to make permanent reforms that really should be for Congress to decide.

We struck a compromise in passing the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, and I think everyone who voted for that should honor that compromise.

Ultimately, Mr. Speaker, this bill is a distraction from what Congress should be focusing on: ending the affordability crisis caused by Trump's failed policies.

Nothing in this bill will help consumers afford groceries or pay for gas. Do you know who is not suffering during the affordability crisis? Wall Street. This bill would loosen the guardrails on Wall Street mega banks even as they report record profits.

Even Chairwoman Foxx admitted that this bill is all about deregulation and rolling back Dodd-Frank, a law she said she strongly dislikes. Chairman Hill said they received drafting assistance from Trump's regulators and banks, but not from organizations that represent workers or consumers.

Mr. Speaker, we are not stupid. We understand that Trump controls all of his so-called organizations that are independent. He tells them what to do. We get that. He is in control. He is running this country. Those people who are selected to run these so-called independent agencies are those who will do nothing but what they are told to do.

That is probably because the groups who represent actual people oppose this bill. That is what they are told to do. That is the leadership they have.

Now is not the time to plant new seeds for the next crisis. Now is not the time to juice the mega banks' profit margins. Now is not the time to legitimize Trump's efforts to gut the CFPB, fair lending, and other consumer protections.

Again, I am so proud and pleased with the work we did in a bipartisan manner. I am so proud and pleased that we were able to negotiate through some very tough times. I am so proud to announce that we had to give some, and we took some. They gave some, and we worked it out.

I don't know exactly what they are being told by Trump, but I know Trump is in charge, and he is charging a lot of what is going on.

I urge my colleagues to please vote ``no'' on this bill, and support the citizens, support their constituents, not Wall Street.

Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, on that I demand the yeas and nays.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I strongly oppose this bill because it limits efforts to detect and investigate gun violence and acts of terrorism.

Before I discuss the bill, let's start with a few sobering statistics:

46,000 Americans die from gun violence every year. That comes out to an average of more than 125 Americans losing their life each day due to gun violence.

Of course, America is unusual in this regard. Americans are 26 times more likely to be shot and killed than if you lived in any other high- income country.

Nearly one in five Americans say they have personally witnessed someone shot.

In the past decade, more than 1.2 million Americans have been shot, with more than 400,000 who died from gun violence. For many who survive a gunshot, they may still suffer a lifetime of devastating consequences.

Most of these data points come from GIFFORDS, a gun violence prevention group set up by our former colleague in the House, Gabby Giffords. Of course, she herself was shot when she served as a Congresswoman, and she later set up the group following the Sandy Hook Elementary mass shooting when 20 children and 6 educators lost their lives.

Now, a few States, including California, New York, and Colorado, have taken action to require payment card networks to use a merchant category code, or an MCC, to distinguish firearms retailers from other types of retailers.

Many different types of retailers have unique MCC codes, including florists, barbershops, art dealers, automotive tire shops, and even candy stores. While these merchant codes don't reveal what individual goods are purchased, they can indicate an unusually large purchase at a type of business that might reveal a risk. This information could help law enforcement track suspicious purchases and prevent even more gun violence.

Leading gun safety groups, including Brady, Community Justice, Everytown for Gun Safety, GIFFORDS, Guns Down America, and Newtown Action Alliance, sent the House a letter to urge Members to vote ``no'' on this harmful legislation.

In the letter that was sent to me, they said: ``We write in strong opposition to H.R. 1181, the Protecting Privacy in Purchases Act. This bill would make it easier for mass shooters, gun traffickers, and even terrorists to abuse our financial systems to stockpile firearms and ammunition undetected.''

They go on to note that between 2007 and 2018, credit cards were used to finance at least eight major mass shootings. One of these included the shooting at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, where 49 people were killed and nearly 60 more were injured a decade ago last month, in June 2016.''

Now, listen to this: Just days before the shooter opened fire, his internet search history included the terms ``credit card unusual spending,'' ``FBI,'' and ``why banks stop your purchases.''

He had opened six new credit card accounts in the 8 months prior, and 12 days before the shooting, he spent more than $26,000 on things like a rifle, a semiautomatic pistol, several large magazines, and thousands of rounds of ammunition. Before this, his average monthly spending on his single card was $1,500.

None of the credit card operators, payment processors, or banks were alerted to the types of transactions being undertaken, and they did not notify law enforcement officials about these purchases.

We don't know for sure, but had these MCC codes been in place for gun shops back then, a financial institution would have been empowered to report these suspicious credit card purchases to law enforcement.

Americans are tired of the senseless gun violence and want Congress to do something to curb it.

Unfortunately, this bill goes in the opposite direction and would implement a ban on such merchant reporting on the Federal level and would literally preempt existing State laws like those in California, New York, and Colorado.

Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to vote ``no'' on this bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from California (Mr. Thompson), who is a leader in this Congress against gun violence.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from Florida (Mr. Frost) who has been active on this issue of gun violence.

Mr. Speaker, I now yield 1 minute to the gentleman from Texas (Mr. Green), the ranking member of the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee, who has always been an advocate against gun violence.

Mr. Speaker, I yield one minute to the gentleman from Florida (Mr. Frost).

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

As I conclude, I will point out that when our committee held a hearing last year, none of the majority's witnesses said a single positive thing about this bill in their testimony. That is probably because there is nothing positive to say about this harmful bill.

Now, using merchant category codes for firearm retailers won't solve this problem, not even close. The codes themselves don't identify what is purchased, but it might have triggered a flag for unusual and suspicious purchases that get reported to law enforcement. Mr. Speaker, that might save 1 life or 10 lives or 100 lives or 1,000 lives or 10,000 lives. Even if it is a fraction of the 416,000 who have died from gun violence over the past decade, wouldn't it be worth it?

Mr. Speaker, the audacity of the opposite side of the aisle to tell States they cannot use these merchant codes, any State in the United States of America, even those who started in some way using these codes, they are now saying they want a law that would preempt your State from being able to use the merchant codes.

Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, on that I demand the yeas and nays.

Madam Speaker, the 21st Century Road to Housing Act is historic legislation that will improve housing affordability and access in this country for millions of Americans. This legislation would not have been possible without the contributions of the minority professional staff of the Committee, who worked for months with advocacy groups, Members of Congress, and other stakeholders on drafting and perfecting this legislation. Their staff work was essential to the success of this legislation.

I would like to acknowledge and include in the Record the following staff members for their superlative work on this important bill:

Melissa Anoh, Professional Staff Member; Noelle Melton,

Director of Housing; Chelsea Crittle, Policy Director; Glen

Sears, Director of Consumer Protection and Financial

Institutions; Herline Mathieu, Communications Director;

Marcos Manosalvas, Deputy Communications Director; David

Fernandez, Chief Counsel; Kristofor Erickson, Deputy Staff

Director; and Charla Ouertatani, Staff Director.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 2478, the Financial Exploitation Prevention Act of 2025, sponsored by Representative Wagner.

This bill will help protect vulnerable Americans by allowing for mutual fund companies to delay the redemption or sale of mutual funds when the company believes there is an attempt to defraud a senior or an adult who cannot protect themselves.

Financial fraud targeting older adults is a widespread and growing problem. Millions of seniors are victimized each year, and reported losses are just soaring. In 2025 alone, America's seniors lost nearly $8 billion to fraud, an 80 percent increase over the prior year.

Seniors are especially vulnerable to scams and financial abuse because they may not be familiar with the ever-increasing technological sophistication with which current scammers operate. Scammers exploit these factors through tactics like AI-powered deep fakes that emulate the voice of a grandchild pretending to be in a difficult or dangerous situation, romance schemes that prey on lonely seniors, tech support hoaxes, lottery scams, and other tricks. The introduction of artificial intelligence is making these scams all the more prevalent and harmful.

We should do all we can to stop these scammers and fraudsters. Unfortunately, that is not what Congress and the President are doing. The Trump administration, with Republican support in Congress, has been shrinking, and in some cases dismantling, the financial cops who detect fraud and hold bad actors accountable. Trump's administration has walked away from court cases where fraudsters had admitted to harming Americans and agreed to pay compensation. As a result, victims didn't receive compensation, but the criminals' pockets were lined.

While this bill could empower financial industry participants to help protect seniors when they suspect fraud, it is absurd that, at the same time, Republicans are cheering on Trump's attempts to shut down the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and defang and defund the SEC. All the while, Trump's family reaps in millions, if not billions, of personal profits from their corrupt business dealings and private- sector shakedowns.

Some of these actions have a direct impact on Americans. The Trump meme coin scam, for example, has resulted in billions of dollars of losses for Americans. We cannot talk about fraud without acknowledging this massive elephant in the room.

The American people are asking for this House to hold the Trump administration and family accountable. Until then, we are left taking small steps, such as passing H.R. 2478.

Mr. Hill, the chairman of the committee and my friend, talked about this having bipartisan support. I don't know if bipartisan support means anything these days.

I am stunned that we worked hard for over 1 year on doing something substantive about housing. We had bicameral and bipartisan support and, all of a sudden, the President of the United States canceled the signing of the bipartisan bill today.

What is up? What is going on?

Does it mean anything that Republicans worked very hard?

Mr. Hill spent a lot of time on the bill, and I spent a lot of time on this bill. All of a sudden, the President says: Oh, I don't feel like signing it today. As a matter of fact, I want something else. I want the SAVE America Act that will undermine voting and strip those who have been protected by the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act from being able to vote in a way that our democracy demands and the Constitution protects.

I am very pleased that Mrs. Wagner has this bill. I know she has worked on it. I certainly support it, but we need more.

Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, with the advent of new technologies like artificial intelligence, senior fraud is more prevalent today than it ever has been, and it is only going to get worse. We need to do everything in our power to make sure that seniors have the appropriate protections to comfortably enjoy retirement.

Chair Wagner's H.R. 2478 is part of that effort, allowing mutual fund providers to delay redemptions of a senior's shares if they suspect they may be falling victim to a scam.

Mr. Speaker, we are in a terrible time in this country. We are in a terrible time because we have so many difficulties with the economy and the groceries are higher. Gasoline is out of control. The price is absolutely unusual and unnecessary, except the President of the United States said he doesn't care.

As a matter of fact, the President of the United States said he loves inflation, for example, and we know what his tariffs have done to our economy. Yet, he is in another country saying that he doesn't care about the financial situation that we are confronted with.

This is a good bill. This is a bill to try and protect our seniors. Our seniors need protection. Many of them are on fixed incomes. Many of them don't have a lot of money, and if they are ripped off, they may end up homeless and on the street. The President doesn't care about that. Yes, this is a bipartisan bill. Bipartisan, for those who are listening, means that both sides of the aisle, Democrats and Republicans, agree, but we don't know whether the President will agree. For all I know, he may veto the bill. We don't know what to expect from him.

We are in a terrible situation with the President of the United States of America. We know he canceled the bill's signing that is supported by both sides of the aisle, in both the House and the Senate, knowing that we have 800,000 people who are on the streets in this country every night and he is not willing to generously step up to the plate and say: I support a bill that is going to get housing built for the average family. We are going to support a bill to keep people off the street, homelessness. We are going to support a bill that ensures that people have an opportunity to pursue their talent and to do what they can to make their lives more comfortable.

If he can't support that and he is canceling it today, I don't know what we can expect about a good bill like this that is protecting seniors. I just ask all of the Members of the House of Representatives, vote ``aye'' on this bill. Vote ``aye'' on the bill.

Mr. Speaker, for those who have influence with the President of the United States, call him and tell him: Mr. President, don't veto this. Mr. President, come on back and sign this housing bill so we can deal with this housing crisis. Mr. President, get us out of this war in Iran. Mr. President, do something to deal with this economy where people are getting hurt and harmed every day.

Mr. Speaker, we could go on talking about it. It is embarrassing. The American people should not have to hear this kind of conversation, but those of us who were sent here by the people we represent have to speak truth to power. That is what we do when we come up with legislation with both sides of the aisle supporting it, in both the House and Senate supporting it. We have to get in the President's face and say: Sign these bills. He has to talk about these problems. He has to deal with this economy, and that is a bit of what we are doing today. I have added to it a little bit, but that is my responsibility.

Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 6644, the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, sponsored by Chairman Hill and myself.

This bill represents the most significant housing reform package in decades and will finally get America back on track to building affordable housing.

Our bill includes dozens of bipartisan provisions to build new housing, lower mortgage and rental costs, expand homeownership, modernize Federal housing programs, prioritize home buyers and renters over corporate landlords, and support community bankers that finance affordable housing development and mortgages each day.

This final bill marks the culmination of numerous hearings, markups, votes, creative input from committee Democrats, and tough negotiations across both sides the aisle and the Capitol.

This bill speaks to the real change that our constituents have been demanding, where everyone can afford a dignified place to call home, where tenants are protected, and where working Americans can finally get ahead.

As a reminder of who we are trying to help and what is at stake, let's review the facts. The average cost of a single-family home has skyrocketed, and wages have not kept pace. The median age of a first- time home buyer is 40 years old. Rents have soared by nearly 47 percent since before the pandemic. Not surprisingly, 42 million American households are cost-burdened, and most shamefully, 800,000 people experience homelessness on any given night. Our country must do better, and today we will do better by passing H.R. 6644.

I have said since day one that housing must be a national priority. That is why I thank Chairman Hill for his partnership. This will be the third time this Congress has passed housing reform legislation, and each time, the bill has gotten better and better.

I also commend Housing and Insurance Subcommittee Ranking Member Emanuel Cleaver, Chairman Flood, along with our committee Democrats and Senators Warren and Scott for coming together on this historic bipartisan and bicameral bill.

By working together, we will deliver a stronger, more impactful legislative package to be signed into law, one with more practical solutions and affordable housing opportunities for American families than before.

This comprehensive package incorporates over 50 housing and banking provisions championed by House Democrats. It will lay the groundwork for the development of new, affordable homes all across America and create new pathways to homeownership. The bill will reduce unnecessary barriers to housing development, expand financing for housing and community investment, and support the development of innovative housing like modular homes and accessory dwelling units. It creates databases for available publicly owned

lands so communities know where they can build.

The bill provides a range of new protections for renters, including a hotline to file complaints with HUD and corporate landlords. The bill increases access to smaller-dollar mortgages under $100,000, and the bill, finally, codifies the Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery Program, which will help expedite flexible funding to communities seeking to rebuild homes after major disasters like hurricanes and wildfires.

H.R. 6644 also supports thousands of community lenders, including community development financial institutions and minority depository institutions, so they can more affordably finance home buyers and housing developers.

Importantly, this bill includes the House language to responsibly rein in corporate landlords by banning large institutional investors from purchasing single-family homes but without halting construction of new rental housing or evicting families in the middle of a housing crisis. Tenants will have a national resource center to file grievances about corporate landlords, to which HUD will respond, and large institutional investors will be publicly named in an annual report along with the number and location of their properties.

I am very proud of this legislation, and I urge my colleagues to join me in this first step to finally addressing our Nation's affordable housing crisis.

Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Missouri (Mr. Cleaver), who authored several bills in this legislation, including H.R. 1981, the Choice in Affordable Housing Act; H.R. 5878, the HOME Reform Act; and H.R. 5938, the Innovation Fund Act.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from Massachusetts (Mr. Lynch), who is a strong advocate for affordable and public housing.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from California (Mr. Sherman).

Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from Texas (Mr. Green), who authored several bills in this legislation, including H.R. 8291, the Reforming Disaster Recovery Act, and H.R. 3716, the Systemic Risk Authority Transparency Act.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from Connecticut (Mr. Himes).

Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentlewoman from Ohio (Mrs. Beatty).

Mrs. Beatty authored H.R. 2031, the HOME Investment Partnerships Reauthorization and Improvement Act, and H.R. 3709, the Advancing the Mentor-Protege Program for Small Financial Institutions Act.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentlewoman from Michigan (Ms. Tlaib), who authored H.R. 6768, the Housing Our Communities Act, which is included in this bill.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from Nevada (Mr. Horsford), who is a strong advocate for affordable housing and a former member of our committee.

Madam Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

Madam Speaker, I thank Mr. Hill for working with me to clarify the intent behind this section. I agree with what Mr. Hill has described on the congressional intent for section 1001.

Madam Speaker, for years I have fought hard to make housing affordable, but for many years, it was hard to prioritize housing in both Democratic and Republican-led Houses.

It is for that reason, I am deeply grateful for Chairman Hill who worked so closely with me to write H.R. 6644 and prioritize it in our committee and in this House. Together, we found compromise that had previously proven so difficult. I hope that this partnership can continue to deliver for America because we still have a lot of work to do.

Madam Speaker, I also thank both of our staffs on the committee because without their hard work, this bill would not likely be here before us today.

This legislation must serve as a foundation for continued action, not the final step in addressing our Nation's housing crisis. We must build on this progress and continue to advocate and secure the resources our communities critically need.

Madam Speaker, I dedicate our work to some of the people in public housing who will have an opportunity now to help understand how their communities can be improved. In my district, Nickerson Gardens, Jordan Downs, Gonzack Village, Imperial Courts, and Avalon Gardens, I thank them for what I have learned. To my home in St. Louis, Missouri, where I was born, I thank those who lived and died in bond projects in Pruitt-Igoe and those projects where they had a difficult time many years ago. We are now leading to a point where we will be able to make all of those projects more livable. We will be able to have the constituents in those projects understand how their lives can be bettered.

Madam Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, do to unavoidable circumstances, I arrived late on June 3, 2026, and therefore missed four votes. Had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 192; YEA on Roll Call No. 193; NAY on Roll Call No. 194; and NAY on Roll Call No. 195.

Mr. Speaker, due to unavoidable circumstances, I was absent on April 27, 2026, and therefore missed two votes.

Had I been present, I would have voted YEA on Roll Call No. 138, and YEA on Roll Call No. 139.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 1993, the 25th Anniversary of 9/11 Commemorative Coin Act, sponsored by Representative Goldman of New York.

This bill directs the Treasury Secretary to mint coins in remembrance of the 25th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks. That is a day that deeply transformed our country and persists in the American memory.

This legislation is important because it gives us the opportunity to honor the memory of the 2,977 lives that were taken during these attacks; the strength of their families and loved ones; the sacrifices of many others involved in the rescue, recovery, and relief efforts; and the courage of the survivors.

Unfortunately, the devastation did not end that day. In the aftermath, countless people across the country continued to suffer from the physical and mental health impacts of this tragedy. Throughout the years, tens of thousands of first responders, construction workers, volunteers, and survivors have been injured or become ill from the toxic dust, smoke, and debris they were exposed to.

The data demonstrating these outcomes is heartbreaking. According to the World Trade Center Health Program, over 63,000 registered members have developed one or more medical issues rooted in their exposure to these toxins, and more than 9,000 people have died from 9/11-related illnesses. That is three times the number of people who were killed on September 11 itself.

It is necessary that we continue to remember and honor those who have lost their lives, as well as meaningfully support the individuals who continue to battle these health challenges today.

The National 9/11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center carries out this important work by providing services and engaging in educational efforts, which is why I am glad that we are supporting this bill today.

This legislation also includes a funding structure which would support the operations and maintenance of the memorial and museum so that visitors and future generations continue to learn about these horrific events and the heroic efforts of Americans.

Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to support this bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from New York (Mr. Goldman), the sponsor of this bill, who has been a real leader in putting this legislation together.

Mr. Speaker, I yield an additional 30 seconds to the gentleman from New York.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

This legislation would establish the creation of commemorative coins in light of the 25th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

These commemorative coins and the critical work of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum will help us honor the bravery of Americans for many generations to come.

Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to support this bill, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 3234, the Keeping Deposits Local Act, sponsored by Representative Emmer and our former Diversity and Inclusion Subcommittee chairwoman, Mrs. Joyce Beatty.

I appreciate the sponsors' bipartisan work on this bill. In 2018, I worked with them to establish the initial framework for the so-called reciprocal deposits.

When a business comes to a bank and deposits, say, $1 million to cover payroll and other expenses, the FDIC only ensures up to $250,000.

To help these customers receive deposit insurance on all of their deposits, banks can send a deposit over the $250,000 cap to another bank in exchange for a separate deposit from the receiving bank, which is known as a reciprocal deposit.

The product has become popular, especially after the dramatic failures of Silicon Valley Bank and two other regional banks in 2023 because businesses wanted to make sure they don't have any uninsured deposits. This bill would increase the limits we set back in 2018 based on a bank's size.

Now, megabanks don't need our help because they are, unfortunately, still perceived as too big to fail. In fact, a number of small businesses moved their deposits to megabanks after the 2023 regional bank failures.

I appreciate that the chairman and the sponsors worked with me to address my concerns that an earlier version of this bill would have been a windfall for megabanks. It has been revised to ensure the bill prioritizes support for smaller community and midsize banks like MDIs and CDFI banks.

There is more that we should do than just this bill. Since 2007, there have been at least 37 bank failures where emergency tools were not used to protect depositors because the bank was too small. As a result, small business customers with more than $250,000 lost money through no fault of their own when their bank failed. That is not fair.

After convening a roundtable with industry experts and consulting extensively with our former chairman, Mr. McHenry, I introduced my bill, H.R. 4551, the Employee Paycheck and Small Business Protection Act.

Under my bill, the government would take a data-driven approach, conduct an extensive analysis, and then propose an increase to the $250,000 deposit insurance threshold for business payment accounts. There would be multiple opportunities for stakeholders to weigh in as the proposal gets developed, with extensive congressional oversight.

Furthermore, my bill would allow regulators to do an emergency Transaction Account Guarantee, or TAG, program for up to 9 months, just like the FDIC did in the 2008 crisis, to protect depositors from harm in a major crisis.

My bill would help protect all small businesses and their employees while helping community banks and credit unions better serve their communities. This concept has broad support, including several House Republicans recently introducing their own bills, along with a bipartisan effort in the Senate. Moreover, Vice President Vance and Treasury Secretary Bessent are strongly supportive of these efforts.

In a letter from when we marked up this bill we are considering today, the Independent Community Bankers of America wrote: ``ICBA looks forward to working with the committee on the broader, comprehensive deposit insurance coverage level debate and ensuring more small businesses can have important protection for their deposits.''

We should do more, Mr. Speaker, but in the meantime, I urge my colleagues to support H.R. 3234, which will complement broader deposit insurance reform efforts.

Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentlewoman from Ohio (Mrs. Beatty), who is the co-lead on the bill.

Mr. Speaker, I have no further speakers, and I yield myself the balance of my time to close.

Mr. Speaker, this is a good bill that will help community banks. The bill is supported by the National Bankers Association and the Community Development Bankers Association, and I am very pleased to support it.

As we have discussed, there is more Congress can do to update the deposit insurance reform framework to ensure it is working for community banks, for midsize banks, for MDIs and CDFIs, for rural banks, and all of their customers, especially the small businesses, nonprofits, churches, and other organizations and their workers.

Let's pass comprehensive deposit insurance reform into law without further delay. In the meantime, I, again, urge my colleagues to support this bill, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 4544, the American Access to Banking Act that I sponsored.

The number of new banks and credit unions called de novo institutions, that were formed over the past 15 years has been very low. There were only 6 new bank charters issued annually the past 15 years and only 29 new credit unions formed between 2014 and 2023.

During that time, we saw about one-third of all Minority Depository Institutions, or MDIs, disappear, including half of our Black-owned banks.

Now, research from the Federal Reserve and others found a strong correlation between the interest rate environment and new bank formation.

In fact, we did have historically low interest rates at zero percent for many years as we slowly recovered from the crisis, but there is more we can do to help.

Earlier this year, ReShonda Young testified before our committee about the challenges she is facing just trying to establish an MDI in Iowa.

Ms. Young's story is remarkable. When she was a small business owner with a popcorn business, she tried to get a loan, and she was discriminated against by bank after bank after bank.

What did she do? She joined with other entrepreneurs and sued the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau for dragging its feet and not implementing section 1071 to ensure we have a more fair and transparent small business loan market. Her lawsuit helped push the CFPB to finalize that overdue rule.

But Ms. Young did not stop there. She decided to start her own bank so that she could provide the kind of small business loans to others that she was repeatedly denied for.

Ms. Young's story is an American story. When you get knocked down, you get back up and you keep pushing for a better way. Not only that, but you work to help others in your community so they can have chances that you never had.

In her testimony, Ms. Young highlighted a few challenges with the de novo process, like a lengthy application checklist. My bill would require these outdated procedures to be streamlined.

My bill would also minimize duplicative data requests, and require regulators to review capital-raising challenges de novos face in consultation with the SEC.

My bill also requires the designation of a caseworker as a single point of contact to assist de novo applicants throughout the process.

H.R. 4544 further requires the development of outreach and education program and Federal regulator engagement with stakeholders as well as coordination with State regulators to support them in chartering de novo firms.

For any American like Ms. Young who wants to start a bank or credit union, they should have that chance, and the American Access to Banking Act will help give them that chance.

Mr. Speaker, I urge Members to support my bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I thank the chairman very much for advancing my bill to this point and helping to get it passed through the House not only as a standalone bill but also as part of our housing bill.

Entrepreneurs like Ms. ReShonda Young who dream of starting their own bank or credit union and providing access to affordable financial products and services to neighbors in their community should have that chance.

My bill has broad support, including from the American Bankers Association, America's Credit Unions, Conference of State Bank Supervisors, Consumer Federation of America, Defense Credit Union Council, National Bankers Association, and National Community Reinvestment Coalition.

Mr. Speaker, I urge all my colleagues to support this bill, and I yield back the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself such time as I may consume.

Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of H.R. 5317, the Community Bank Deposit Access Act of 2025, sponsored by Chairman Hill.

Let me start by thanking the chairman for his focus on supporting community banks and credit unions, including community development financial institutions, or CDFIs, and minority depository institutions, or MDIs.

This bill will allow community banks to receive so-called custodial deposits from larger banks and then use those funds to lend into their communities.

Custodial deposits are shared between banks in a network, allowing them to provide FDIC insurance on amounts larger than $250,000, although for a fee paid by the MDI or community bank.

Mr. Speaker, the original introduced bill would have provided an unnecessary exemption for the largest banks which, as we have discussed, honestly don't need help competing for deposits. I appreciate that Mr. Hill and his staff worked with us on important improvements to narrow the focus of this bill to just support community banks.

Furthermore, as I have said before, I do not believe this reform will singlehandedly get community banks all the help they need to compete for deposits and acquire more small business customers.

Mr. Speaker, I would again urge the chairman and the supporters of this bill to work with me and support advancing deposit insurance reform, like my bill, which takes a data-driven approach that the chairman said he would prefer, with opportunities for stakeholder input and congressional oversight.

I also commend Representatives Lucas, Barr, Meuser, and Stutzman for recently introducing their own deposit insurance reform bills. I couldn't help but notice their bills have a lot of similarities with my bill and with similar bipartisan reform efforts in the Senate.

It has been more than 15 years since Congress updated our deposit insurance framework, and it is time for Congress to comprehensively update it again.

H.R. 5317 is a good piece of that reform effort, and I urge my colleagues to support the chairman's bill, and I reserve the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I yield myself the balance of my time.

Mr. Speaker, I again thank the chairman for working with me regarding improvements that were made to the bill in markup to ensure it focused on helping community banks.

Custodial deposits are something that community banks can use as a funding source to help them better serve their communities.

I hope today's vote on this bill and the bill of the gentleman from Minnesota (Mr. Emmer) and the gentlewoman from Ohio (Mrs. Beatty) is just the beginning in our efforts to modernize our deposit insurance framework broadly and to provide even more tools for community banks to compete for deposits from local churches, nonprofits, city governments, and small businesses.

Mr. Speaker, I urge the chairman to work with me and our members to advance broad deposit insurance reform.

In the meantime, I urge the House to advance the chairman's bill, which serves as a good, complementary reform to help our smallest banks compete.

Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.