Madam Speaker, I rise today because a water crisis threatens to destabilize Iraq and the entire Middle East. Iraqi leaders warn that disaster areas suffering from the water crisis, like Basra, provide a breeding ground for insurgents.…
Madam Speaker, I rise today because a water crisis threatens to destabilize Iraq and the entire Middle East.
Iraqi leaders warn that disaster areas suffering from the water crisis, like Basra, provide a breeding ground for insurgents.
Refugees fleeing the water crisis have deserted their homes and constitute the biggest movement of Iraqi refugees since the Iran war of the 1980s. The Iraqi military has had to intervene, and it's only a matter of time before the water crisis becomes a security crisis that imperils regional peace.
Just how serious is this water crisis?
The Euphrates River, which once supported empires in the cradle of civilization, is now barely fit for human use. In some areas it's ``A slick black ooze, fit only for scores of bathing water buffalo.'' In other areas, salinity levels have risen so high that towns have been evacuated, their citizens unable to drink the fetid water.
In Basra, for example, low water levels in the Tigris and Euphrates have brought salt water rushing in the from the Persian Gulf. Rising salinity levels threaten the viability of local agriculture so much that Amer Suleiman, Basra's agriculture director, will soon declare Basra a ``disaster area'' and warns that ``if things continue to deteriorate there is no hope for Basra to recover.''
What can be done about Iraq's water crisis? What can be done to replenish the Tigris and Euphrates?
The first solution is to reform Iraq's careless water management system.
Nibras al Mamouri, a professor of water resources at Baghdad's College of Agriculture, says ``poor irrigation techniques and a lack of incentives to stop wasting so much water'' are partly to blame for the current shortage.
The second solution, an international solution, reminds us that a water crisis in Iraq has consequences for the entire Middle East.
The Iraqi government, rightly or wrongly, has blamed the water crisis on its neighbors, principally Turkey and Syria but also Iran.
To resolve the water crisis, Iraq must negotiate a more equitable water sharing agreement--
(1) With Turkey, which controls the headwaters of both rivers--
(2) With Syria, through which the rivers pass--
(3) And with Iran, which controls two other rivers--the Karun and the Karkheh--that feed into the Faw Peninsula and Basra.
Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, responding to the water crisis, met earlier this month in Ankara to discuss a solution. But little has been achieved so far--neither Turkey nor Syria has been particularly sympathetic to Iraq, especially since each faces its own water shortage.
The difficulty of reaching an agreement underscores the unique diplomatic challenge posed by water politics. River water cannot belong to only one country because it flows between many countries. This is complicated by the fact that water flows in only one direction, and that upstream countries affect water levels downstream, but not vice versa.
Turkey, for example, which controls the headwaters of both the Tigris and the Euphrates, can control water flows to downstream countries, such as Syria and Iraq. Syria and Iraq begin any water negotiation with Turkey at an a priori disadvantage. But without greater Turkish cooperation, water shortages could spell disaster for Syrian and Iraqi agriculture, and spillover effects could destabilize the region.
The planned Ilisu dam, to be built on the Turkish part of the Tigris, is especially controversial in Iraq, which has already accused Turkey of choking the Euphrates with hydroelectric dams.
Some Iraqi leaders even suggest that water is being used as a weapon against Iraq and threaten war.
Tayseer al Mashadani, an Iraqi member of parliament, warns that ``Iraq's water crisis . . . could lead us into war with one of our neighbors. The new war on Iraq is a war of water.'' But, before we accept the inevitability of war, we should reflect on words from the late Senator Simon: ``Water,'' he said ``can be a catalyst for war and can also create peace between nations.''
In the Middle East we have an extraordinary opportunity to make cooperative water sharing serve the cause of peace.
Our voice carries a lot of weight in the region, and we should use that weight to support a water sharing agreement between Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria.
The consequences of failure are too great.